Why does Charles Dickens use more detail than other writers?

We like to think that authors make their writing decisions solely on the basis of artistic considerations, but that is not necessarily the case. Financial considerations often come into play and can dictate how art is produced.
In Dickens's day, a novelist—and his publisher—could make money in two ways. The first was by serializing a novel in parts in a magazine. A good serial—like a good TV miniseries today—would hook an audience. Especially if a writer left off a section at a cliffhanger or exciting moment, readers would clamor to buy the next edition of the magazine and the next and the next to find out what was going to happen. In the case of Dickens, who was a very popular author, detail was desired by both readers and publishers. The more detail and complexity he could weave into his work, the more issues of a magazine the publisher could devote to it, and the more reading pleasure an audience could have. This kept circulation—and hence profits—high. Much of what Dickens published in his lifetime started off as a magazine serial.
The second way in which an author could make money was by turning a popular serial into a book—but not just one book. Three volumes were expected, as that too increased sales and profits. To stretch to three volumes, the books had to be long, which encouraged detail.
Later, with the advent of cheaper paper and cheaper printing techniques, very low cost one-volume paperback novels became popular, but that was not Dickens's era.
Dickens and the book market of the earlier Victorian age created the perfect storm. Dickens had an eye for detail at a time when the book market wanted those details in abundance.