According to Socrates, nobody willingly chooses to do wrong. Socrates's perspective is based on the principle that good or bad choices are made to meet the end objectives of the person making the choice. The means through which the end is achieved could be of little consequence depending on the circumstances. This is because humans instinctually try to benefit from every choice they make. A hungry person can choose to steal or forcibly get food from another person so as to satisfy his immediate need. This could be because he lacks the resources to pay for the food. He chooses to acquire the object of his desire through any means, whether good or bad.
When we separate the means from the end, then we are better able to understand Socrates's assertion. The end motivates the means. For example, a student can choose to copy an exam so as to get excellent grades. Another student chooses not to copy the exam even though he too would want to have excellent grades. The latter's decision not to copy could be motivated by his fear of the repercussions of cheating.
We could also use the word "knowingly" in place of "willingly" and say that it is ignorance of what is good that makes a person pursue immoral means of achieving an end. The first student also knows that cheating is wrong and could get him into trouble, yet he actively pursues it, perhaps because he has seen fellow students do the same thing. The fact that there are other students actively engaging in cheating corrupts his judgment of what is good.
http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~davpy35701/text/plato-nobad.html
Tuesday, December 16, 2014
Discuss the concept of whether evil choices can ever be voluntary, or whether they are always involuntary (as Socrates believed).
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