Mussolini's fascism rejected the liberal importance placed on the individual. In fascism, the individual was subordinated to the state. Mussolini used the image of the "fasces" or a tightly bound bundle of sticks, to argue that the state was stronger when all people in it were tightly knit together and completely obedient to the state's dictates. He understood the state to have a "will and a personality" stronger than that of any individual person. As he put it:
the [individual person] is deprived of all useless and possibly harmful freedom, but retains what is essential; the deciding power in this question cannot be the individual, but the State alone . . .
Fascism also rejected pacifism and believed that the struggles and sacrifices of warfare brought out and developed what was strongest and most noble in the human spirit. In fascist society, the role of both men and women was to prepare for war, the men as soldiers and the women as the mothers of soldiers. Related to this was empire building: individuals within the state needed to prepare for the conquest and control of weaker areas. Only in this way would the state remain "vital" and strong.
Fascism was based on hierarchy and looking to the past to find an idealized vision of a national ethnicity to which the current decadent period of history could aspire. Not everyone would be part of the fascist nation (Jews, for example, were excluded) and certainly all people would not be treated as political equals, an idea Mussolini called "absurd." Under the theory of the survival of the fittest, those deemed the strongest would have special privileges—but always with the caveat of the individual person as subordinate to the needs of the state.
Thursday, April 25, 2019
What is Benito Mussolini’s view of man and his role in fascist society?
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