Saturday, April 27, 2019

What else accounts for Britain's great transformation, other than access to coal?

Britain had a thriving international trade and there was a huge demand for English manufactured goods, such as metal tools, in the British colonies in North America and the Caribbean. There was a lot of shipbuilding; the British navy was the strongest in the world. In the middle of the 18th century, the British East India Company conquered Bengal, which at that time was the most populous and wealthy part of India. Colonial officials benefited from control over Bengal finances and taxation and brought the enormous wealth that accumulated in India back to England. They used some of these resources to invest in new industrial enterprises. As the population grew more rapidly after 1750, and rural migrants moved to the cities, British industrial manufacturers had a large supply of cheap labor.
Britain and Scotland had a well-developed culture of experimental science and technology with origins going back to the late medieval and Renaissance period. The Baconian ideal of experimental inductive science inspired the creation of the Royal Society, whose members included Newton and other key figures of the Scientific Revolution. Science and technology were better integrated in Britain than in many other countries. This favorable environment facilitated the adoption of industrial inventions beginning in the middle of the 18th century. Scientists, mechanics, and technologically savvy businessmen formed informal or formal clubs and associations, and these came to play a large role in promoting technological innovation. The most famous of them was the Lunar Society of Birmingham, which counted among its members the chemist Joseph Priestly; James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine; and Josiah Wedgwood, the producer of affordable porcelain dishes.
In the 18th century, Britain started to produce large quantities of cotton textiles. India had played a prominent role in global textile production since the Roman period, but British industrialists asked the British government to prohibit the import of many Indian textiles. In the early 19th century, British colonialists working in India imported large quantities of British factory-made textiles into India, thereby destroying the livelihood of millions of Indian weavers. By enforcing numerous restrictions on colonial industries and bringing British goods into their colonies duty free, the 18th and 19th century British colonial authorities actively promoted their country’s emerging role as “the workshop of the world.”

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