Question
Since the 2016 United States presidential election, Facebook has come under fire for its failure to combat fake news stories that populate users' newsfeeds and may have influenced voters. According to Frankfurt's litmus test, are these fake news stories examples of lying or examples of bullshit?
Answer
These fake news stories, which often feature made-up events, nonexistent people and locations, and nonexistent newspapers, are an example of bullshit according to Frankfurt's distinction between bullshitting and lying.
Liars are trying to hide the truth. Bullshitters do not care about the truth (or do not know anything about the truth) and, unencumbered by a responsibility to facts, are just making stuff up. Put another way, liars acknowledge the truth by trying to obscure it; bullshitters have no obligation to the truth.
Because they bear no connection to the truth, Frankfurt believes bullshitters to be far more dangerous than liars:
Someone who lies and someone who tells the truth are playing on opposite sides, so to speak, in the same game. Each responds to the facts as he understands them, although the response of the one is guided by the authority of the truth, while the response of the other defies that authority and refuses to meet its demands. The bullshitter ignores these demands altogether. He does not reject the authority of the truth, as the liar does, and oppose himself to it. He pays no attention to it at all. By virtue of this, bullshit is a greater enemy of the truth than lies are (p. 15).
Bullshitters are exceptionally problematic, explains Frankfurt, because they do not value or respect the authority of the truth. You cannot cover up the facts if you do not know what those facts are or, worse, no longer "believe" in facts. In Frankfurt's estimation, this is a slippery slope. Liars may be able to hide, deceive, and divert attention, but bullshitters have the power to erode the very fabric of logic, as evidenced by terms like "fake news" and "alternative facts" entering the lexicon after the 2016 presidential election. That political contest and its aftermath demonstrated that social media sites like Facebook and Twitter are a prime conduit for fake news, bots, and bullshit.
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
Ask and answer a question that seeks to expand the concept or argument of the provided text. https://www.stoa.org.uk/topics/bullshit/pdf/on-bullshit.pdf
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
Why is the fact that the Americans are helping the Russians important?
In the late author Tom Clancy’s first novel, The Hunt for Red October, the assistance rendered to the Russians by the United States is impor...
-
There are a plethora of rules that Jonas and the other citizens must follow. Again, page numbers will vary given the edition of the book tha...
-
The poem contrasts the nighttime, imaginative world of a child with his daytime, prosaic world. In the first stanza, the child, on going to ...
-
The given two points of the exponential function are (2,24) and (3,144). To determine the exponential function y=ab^x plug-in the given x an...
-
The play Duchess of Malfi is named after the character and real life historical tragic figure of Duchess of Malfi who was the regent of the ...
-
The only example of simile in "The Lottery"—and a particularly weak one at that—is when Mrs. Hutchinson taps Mrs. Delacroix on the...
-
Hello! This expression is already a sum of two numbers, sin(32) and sin(54). Probably you want or express it as a product, or as an expressi...
-
Macbeth is reflecting on the Weird Sisters' prophecy and its astonishing accuracy. The witches were totally correct in predicting that M...
No comments:
Post a Comment