Wednesday, February 12, 2014

Ask and answer a question that seeks to expand the concept or argument of the provided text. https://www.stoa.org.uk/topics/bullshit/pdf/on-bullshit.pdf

Question
Since the 2016 United States presidential election, Facebook has come under fire for its failure to combat fake news stories that populate users' newsfeeds and may have influenced voters. According to Frankfurt's litmus test, are these fake news stories examples of lying or examples of bullshit?
Answer
These fake news stories, which often feature made-up events, nonexistent people and locations, and nonexistent newspapers, are an example of bullshit according to Frankfurt's distinction between bullshitting and lying.
Liars are trying to hide the truth. Bullshitters do not care about the truth (or do not know anything about the truth) and, unencumbered by a responsibility to facts, are just making stuff up. Put another way, liars acknowledge the truth by trying to obscure it; bullshitters have no obligation to the truth.
Because they bear no connection to the truth, Frankfurt believes bullshitters to be far more dangerous than liars:

Someone who lies and someone who tells the truth are playing on opposite sides, so to speak, in the same game. Each responds to the facts as he understands them, although the response of the one is guided by the authority of the truth, while the response of the other defies that authority and refuses to meet its demands. The bullshitter ignores these demands altogether. He does not reject the authority of the truth, as the liar does, and oppose himself to it. He pays no attention to it at all. By virtue of this, bullshit is a greater enemy of the truth than lies are (p. 15).

Bullshitters are exceptionally problematic, explains Frankfurt, because they do not value or respect the authority of the truth. You cannot cover up the facts if you do not know what those facts are or, worse, no longer "believe" in facts. In Frankfurt's estimation, this is a slippery slope. Liars may be able to hide, deceive, and divert attention, but bullshitters have the power to erode the very fabric of logic, as evidenced by terms like "fake news" and "alternative facts" entering the lexicon after the 2016 presidential election. That political contest and its aftermath demonstrated that social media sites like Facebook and Twitter are a prime conduit for fake news, bots, and bullshit.

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