Discuss the origins of the major social-reform movements in the early nineteenth century. In what ways did they influence American society and politics?

Social reform movements largely stemmed from the Second Great Awakening. This movement led to increased evangelism and people believing that God commanded them to change what was wrong with society. One social change movement that came from this period was the temperance movement. Factory owners wanted their workers to work efficiently and soberly. Women also did not want their husbands buying alcohol with their entire paycheck and/or being abusive drunks. While the movement did not catch on nationally because the United States made too much money on excise taxes, some localities did decide to go dry.
The Second Great Awakening also helped to drive the abolitionist movement. People thought that if they were equal before God then it should be wrong for people to own other people. They also viewed slavery as something that created laziness, something that displeased God. Many abolitionists were also prominent in the church such as Henry Ward Beecher. Likewise, Southerners who were influenced by the Second Great Awakening believed that God condoned slavery by placing it in the Bible. Some also claimed that they were doing their slaves a favor by converting them to Christianity.
Not all social movements came from the Second Great Awakening. The women's rights movement came from the Market Revolution. Women were starting to work in factories outside the home and many thought that they should receive more rights in marriage and suffrage. The women's rights movement was often tied to the abolitionist movement as well as both sides often used the same speakers to champion their causes.

The reform movements of the antebellum period emerged in the context of two enormously important developments: the Second Great Awakening and the Market Revolution. The Second Great Awakening was a national religious revival that featured an emphasis on evangelism and an individual's relationship with the divine. Many people took their religious faith as a mandate to improve the world, and some even believed that reforming society's ills was the way to bring about God's kingdom on earth. This belief in free will and human redemption motivated a number of reform movements, ranging from temperance to prison reform to, of course, abolition. Each was motivated by a religious conviction that sin and injustice could not be tolerated in a society, and that it was the duty of Christians to eliminate these evils.
But reform movements also took place in the context of the major social changes associated with the emergence of capitalism in the United States. Known as the Market Revolution, this development led to rapid change, including economic instability, mass communication, and the transformation of traditional occupations to mechanized and more disciplined work. This was related to reform movements in many ways. Many business owners embraced temperance, for example, as a means of maintaining a disciplined workforce. But the expansion of slavery, which was also a direct consequence of the Market Revolution's demand for more cotton, also galvanized abolitionists to agitate for its end.
The abolition movement in particular had a profound effect on politics, at least in the sense that it tended to contribute to Southern concerns that the North threatened the institution of slavery. On the local level, reformers promoted normalized public education, temperance laws, prison reform, and many other improvements.
http://www.americanyawp.com/text/08-the-market-revolution/

The origins of the reform movements of the early 1800s can be traced back to the Second Great Awakening and the formation of new religious groups. The Second Great Awakening led to an increase of religious study and religious practice. It also encouraged missionary work and the focus on improving society. New religious groups tried to create the perfect society. These groups focused less on the industrial growth of the country and more on the community as a whole. They believed in cooperation among people instead of competition between individuals.
The reforms movements impacted society in many ways. There were efforts to improve the American educational system by training teachers and having a longer school year. There was a growing anti-slavery movement in the United States, and some people wanted to reduce or eliminate the availability of alcohol. Women’s rights also became a focus of the reform movement, along with improving the treatment of people who were mentally ill and who were in prison. These activities impacted politics as some northern states adopted laws banning slavery and eliminating alcohol. Anti-slavery political parties formed such as the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party. Anti-slavery societies such as the American Anti-Slavery Society worked to enact laws ending slavery. The American Colonization Society worked to free slaves and to relocate them to Liberia. Eventually, political parties had to pay attention to the demands women were making for equal treatment and for equal rights, including the right to vote.
https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Anti-Slavery_Society?rec=832

https://www.thoughtco.com/free-soil-party-1773320

The social reform movements of the early 19th century arose in part from the Second Great Awakening. This movement emphasized good work and a more enthusiastic experience of religion. It strengthened religions such as Baptism and Methodism, was in part a reaction to the rationality of Enlightenment, and grew out of the Romantic movement and its emphasis on emotion over reason. 
The social reform movements of the early 19th century included temperance, reform of prisons, women's rights, and abolitionism. The abolitionist movement in particular influenced American society as it grew in force in the antebellum period. After the Second Great Awakening, the moral imperative abolitionists felt to end slavery intensified, and there was a movement away from gradualism (the eventual end of slavery) to a sense that slavery had to end immediately. The fervor that abolitionists felt intensified the question of slavery in the country (particularly when new states were added to the union and had to decide between being slave or free states) and pushed the country toward the brink of war.