Ibsen's A Doll's House addresses both issues as he critiques Victorian gender roles by illustrating Nora's struggle for independence and conflict with how society perceives and treats women. Neither issue is mutually exclusive, and Nora's battle for independence is directly related to her oppressed gender role in society at large. In Victorian society, women were perceived as weak, helpless individuals who relied solely on their husbands or fathers. Women had few individual rights and were expected to be loving wives and caring mothers. Nora's role in her household is no different from society's expectations at the beginning of the play. She is treated like a helpless child and viewed as Torvald's intellectual inferior. Nora is initially content in her role as a submissive, dependent housewife but experiences a dramatic change after discovering Torvald's genuine feelings about her.
At the end of the play, Nora makes a courageous decision to leave her husband and family in order to find herself and live independently. Nora's remarkable decision opposes Victorian society's expectations of how she should act. Through Nora’s opinions and actions, Ibsen criticizes the unjust Victorian society, which prevents women from obtaining true independence from the men in their lives. Essentially, Nora's individual struggle against her oppressive society reflects the larger issue regarding prejudiced gender roles in Victorian society. Ibsen's play illustrates the importance of marriage equality and champions women's independence.
These notions are not mutually exclusive. Society's needs, or expectations, for Nora are foisted upon her due to her gender. For years, she was unable to see how society's expectations constricted her as a human being. She does not really understand who she is or what her own expectations are because she has simply acted according to the expectations of others, including those of her husband, Torvald.
I think it is helpful, too, to regard the family as a microcosm, or a small sample, of society. At this time, women were only expected to be wives and mothers. They were imagined as nurturing, and as desiring nothing more than to care for their husbands and children. Middle-class women like Nora might entertain themselves by decorating their homes, and would also be expected to manage servants. From the outside, her life looks pleasant, comfortable, and privileged; in some ways, it is, but there is also no exteriority. Nora is not expected to go outside of this house.
The expectations imposed on Nora from within her own family are also those imposed by society. By leaving Torvald to discover who she is, Nora is doing something extremely rebellious, something that would generally be frowned upon. By having his female hero act in such a radical manner, Ibsen communicates his own dissatisfaction with bourgeois ideas about marriage and family, which are especially restrictive for women, and thereby limit the possibilities for society as a whole.
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