Sunday, December 2, 2018

What symbols appear in "Once upon a Time" by Nadine Gordimer?

Gordimer’s story is a kind of children’s story gone wrong. In that sense, we can understand much of what happens in symbolic terms:
The suburb the family lives in is symbolic of a kind of fairy kingdom; the story begins where most fairy tales end, with living happily ever after, but in this case, the gradual transformation of the suburb into a kind of concentration camp is symbolic of a kind of reverse fairy tale logic.
The boy is symbolic of the protagonist of a fairy tale; the story ends with his imagining himself as the Prince from Sleeping Beauty, but far from rescuing the princess, he instead is caught in the razor wire that tops the garden wall. It’s ironic that the thing that is supposed to protect their possessions (the wire) ultimately harms their most prized possession (the boy) through a fantasy about escape.
The cat is symbolic of a kind of existence free from the race and economic inequities that cause the adults to live in fear. Unlike the little boy, the cat is smart enough to stay away from the razor wire.
The mother in law, or the “wise old witch” who constantly recommends ever greater security precautions, is a figure of the “wicked stepmother” character from fairy tales, in that she seems sympathetic but her advice only serves to make things worse. To the extent that she advocates for “common sense” precautions against robbers, she also comes to represent racism and apartheid.
Gordimer’s story as a whole is symbolic of a kind of literary production which she rejects at the very start of her text, when she rejects the notion that every writer “ought” to write at least one children’s story. The story she does write is a kind of negation of the children’s story genre; in this fairy tale, reality intrudes, and the assumption is that the characters will live unhappily ever after as a result.


Nadine Gordimer's short story is brimming with symbolism. Here are some of the symbols and what they stand for.
The gold mine: In the frame story, the gold mine under the narrator's home that causes her house to shift and creak represents the stirrings of the "underclass" in the exploitative social system of apartheid. The white elitist culture is about to come crashing down due to the "uneasy strain" on South Africa's social fabric.
The wise old witch: The mother-in-law can stand for the political regime that promotes apartheid or for any influence that fosters racial or ethnic prejudice.
The walls, bars, and Dragon's Teeth: These barriers symbolize how fear produces isolation that creates a prison for the one who fears. The family first encloses themselves in a wall, then imprisons themselves behind bars, and finally confines themselves to a concentration camp. 
The cat: The cat represents the creeping fear of the "other" that cannot be resolved. The cat manages to get over the wall and through the bars. At the end of the story, the cat represents foresight: It knows to look before it leaps, which is more than the humans know. The parents have not anticipated how their fear and prejudice will destroy the future. 
The burglar alarms: These are most known for going off without good reason, showing that the fear the family has of "people of another color" is nothing but a "false alarm."
The son: The little boy represents the future, which the parents sacrifice to their fear. He also represents what is truly valuable as opposed to the material goods the parents try to insure from loss. They have become so focused on protecting their wealth and position in society that they neglect what is most important in life: connection to others, compassion, and love.
These are some of the symbols Gordimer weaves into her thought-provoking short story.

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