Explain the importance of the cotton textile industry to Pakistan.

For a country of 190 million people with a per capita income of just over $5,000 (compared to over $57,000 for the United States, $15,000 for China, and over $6,000 for neighboring rival India), the importance of the country’s trade in cotton and textiles cannot be overstated. Almost half of Pakistan’s population is employed in the agricultural sector, and cotton and textiles represent the most significant share of the country’s total economic output. Anytime a country as large and as relatively poor as Pakistan is so heavily dependent upon the production of and trade in agricultural or textiles, it represents an enormously precarious situation. Commodity prices and competition from other producers of textiles and cotton, including central, south, and southeast Asia, all directly impact the entirety of Pakistan’s population. Each of those competitors faces constant pressure from its respective agriculture and textile industries for protection against foreign competition and for increased access to lucrative foreign markets like those in North America and Europe.
Pakistan is a complicated country. It has, as pointed out, a largely impoverished population. Pakistan is also an Islamic country facing constant and sometimes violent friction among tribes and sects, including the volatile distinction between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims. Also, like many other countries, it is not ethnically homogenous; the large and vital province of Baluchistan is a constant source of concern for the central government because of that region’s desire for independence from Islamabad. Any perturbations in the international market for its textiles, therefore, can have major ramifications for Pakistan’s internal social, cultural, and economic stability.
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