Analyze the impact of nationalism on Africa and Asia in the 20th century.

In the 20th century, nationalism was a major ideology associated with the struggle of Asian and African societies for modernization and independence from colonial powers. 
In China, Sun Yat Sen, a pro-Western nationalist influenced by the ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini, organized a network of clandestine revolutionary organizations in order to overthrow the Manchu imperial government. After the revolution of 1911, he became the first president of the Republic of China. His party, Guomindang,  reunified China during the 1920s under the leadership of his disciple, Chiang Kai Shek, and ruled until its defeat in 1949, when Mao came to power. 
In India, Gandhi and Nehru led the struggle for independence from Britain during the 1930s and 1940s through their Indian National Congress, which ruled country for several decades after independence. Nehru was close to the British Labor party and also sympathized with the Soviets. Under him, India developed a planned economy with a large economic role for the government, which sought to introduce greater social equality and to mitigate the impact of caste divisions. 
In Turkey, the nationalist government of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk expelled the foreign  occupying forces and then introduced a number of social reforms aimed at turning the country into a modern secular society.
In Iran, the nationalist government of prime minister Mossadegh nationalized the oil industry. In response to Mossadegh's cooperation with communists, the CIA organized a successful coup against his government and transferred power to the notoriously corrupt shah; this, in turn, paved the way for the subsequent anti-Western Islamic revolution of 1979.
In Indonesia the nationalist government of president Sukarno used martial law and cooperation with communists to  strengthen his personal power over the fragmented society. When the communist drive for land reform resulted in an upsurge in rural violence, Suharto's nationalist army declared war on the communist party and began massive repressions, causing much loss of life. Later Suharto's nationalist dictatorship actively promoted foreign investment and industrialization; this transformed Indonesian society while exacerbating interethnic tensions, which eventually led to anti-Chinese riots during the economic crisis of late 1990s. 
In Egypt, the nationalist military officer Gamal Abdel Nasser came to power with his army cohort in 1952; in 1956, he nationalized the strategically and commercially important Suez canal. In the same period, the nationalists Baath party came to power in Iraq and Syria and launched a campaign of industrialization, secularization, and cultural modernization. The Arab defeat in the Six Day War with Israel in 1967 contributed to a decline in the prestige of nationalism in Egypt, Iraq, and Syria and led to the advance of various radical Islamist networks, such as the Muslim Brotherhood.
In South Africa, under Nelson Mandela's leadership, the nationalist African National Congress succeeded in defeating the white minority's apartheid regime and creating a multiracial society.  In Eastern and Western Africa, particularly in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ghana, and Senegal, nationalist regimes contributed to the economic and cultural advance of African societies while simultaneously suffering from corruption, inefficiency, non-democratic attitudes, and political instability, including military coups and dictatorships.