Thursday, May 29, 2014

How does Shakespeare employ the rhetorical method of syntax in Hamlet's soliloquy "To be or not to be"?

When we talk about syntax, we essentially mean sentence structure. How are the words in a sentence arranged, and what is the effect of arranging them that way? Different syntactical structures can impact the understanding, mood, tone, or emphasis of a passage.
In analyzing the syntax of a sentence, it's often helpful to look for things like punctuation, sentence length, patterns (or where a pattern breaks down), first or last words of sentences, and/or repetition.
Hamlet's "To be or not to be" soliloquy has a lot of interesting things happening with its syntax, although the interpretations that different readers or actors take away from the same syntax is variable.
One of the things to consider in this soliloquy is the word order. Hamlet begins by saying "to be or not to be - that is the question" (3.1.64). This has a very different effect than saying "The question is: To be or not to be?". Starting this soliloquy with a question instead of statement sets the tone for this entire passage. The audience should be curious and puzzled from the first few words and empathize with Hamlet's thoughts because this question has drawn them in. The same is true later when Hamlet says "to die, to sleep - / no more" (3.1.68-69). Hamlet starts with "to die" instead of something like "Sleeping is just like dying" because beginning with the words "to die" at the start of the thought has a greater impact.
Another consideration is the punctuation in the soliloquy. At the beginning, the text is full of punctuation that makes the reader (or the actor) slow down. The first phrase ends with a colon, and many of the other sentences in the first half of the soliloquy include dashes or periods, whereas there are longer sentences punctuated by commas in the second half of the soliloquy. The effect on reading this is that the first half is slower and more contemplative, while the second half speeds up. In terms of content this makes sense because the first half of the soliloquy is Hamlet thinking and processing this information and asking the audience to contemplate with him, while in the second half there is a long list of life's injustices. The first phrase "To be or not to be - that is the question:" contains the only colon. This punctuation makes sense here, because this really is the big question and takes the most thought, so this punctuation should make the reader pause for the longest time before considering the rest of the speech.
https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/html/Ham.html

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