Why did Silas ask Miss Lupescu to serve as Bod's temporary guardian?

In The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman, Silas is the "guardian" of Bod, a young boy who lives in a graveyard. Silas protects and educates Bod and also brings him food. In chapter 3, Silas explains, "I need to obtain some information. In order to do that, I have to travel." Bod enjoys the company of Silas, and he is sad that Silas has to leave. Since he must go, Silas asks Miss Lupescu to serve as Bod's guardian in his absence.
At first, Bod is not at all fond of Miss Lupescu. He finds her to be strict and boring, and worst of all, he dislikes the food she brings him. Silas brings food that "mostly came in packets, purchased from the kind of places that sold food late at night and asked no questions." Miss Lupescu brings food that is healthier, but to Bod, it is "slimy and unfamiliar."
In spite of the food, Bod eventually grows to like and appreciate Miss Lupescu. He learns the value of the lessons she teaches him, especially the lessons on how to ask for help in every language. Miss Lupescu, who is actually a werewolf, saves Bod's life.

Marx says that history is the history of class struggles. What are four examples that he gives of "class struggles"?

To answer this question, take a look at chapter one of The Communist Manifesto. In the opening lines, Marx and Engels write that all history is the history of class struggles. They then provide the following four examples:

1. The struggle between Freeman and Slave.2. The struggle between Patrician and Plebeian.3. The struggle between Lord and Serf.4. The struggle between Guild-Master and Journeyman.

Each of these examples dates from a different historical period. The Patrician and Plebeian, for example, come from Ancient Rome, while the Lord and Serf belong to the Middle Ages. By using these examples, Marx and Engels show that every period of history, from the earliest recorded civilizations, has been one of continued class struggle. Specifically, there is a conflict between the rich (who own the means of production) and the poor (who are either enslaved or must sell their labor).
For Marx and Engels, this explains why Communism ought to be adopted across Europe. Without Communism (and a classless society), they argue that the future is certain to be one of continued class struggle in which the proletariat face further exploitation.

At the beginning of Section I of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx briefly lists a number of historical class conflicts, including "freeman vs. slave" and "guild-master vs. journeyman." Marx takes care to emphasize that ancient societies included a lot of different and subtle gradations of class. For example, Roman society contained "patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves." On the other hand, modern society has much larger, more simplified classes.
Marx spends most of his time focused on these modern class conflicts. The first is the bourgeoisie vs. the nobility. For Marx, the nobility were essentially feudal. Their enemies, the modern bourgeoisie, represented the evolution and consolidation of many of the other subordinate classes from the peak of the age of feudalism (like "vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs"). Before describing the conflict between these classes, Marx fleshes out the evolution of the bourgeoisie, showing how this class grew in power and influence.
The bourgeoisie grew more influential as a class because they were willing to embrace more modern ways of conducting economic business. This allowed them to gain an advantage over the nobility, whose value system was not entirely compatible with the emerging forces of capitalism. Marx summarizes it thusly:

The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his “natural superiors”, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous “cash payment”. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation.

Marx is grateful to the bourgeoisie for—as he sees it—sending the nobility to the trash heap of European history. However, because Marx sees history as dialectical, as the bourgeoisie destroyed the nobility, so must it also be destroyed in order for the world to attain a truly classless society. This is where the central class conflict of the Manifesto comes in.
That central conflict is the bourgeoisie vs. the proletariat. The proletariat are laborers who must sell themselves to those who own the means of production for a wage. This process of selling the self for a wage makes the proletarian alienated. Marx writes:

Owing to the extensive use of machinery, and to the division of labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and, consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him.

Throughout the Manifesto, Marx urges the proletariat—which is growing in number and has the advantage of being concentrated in large groups in cities—to overlook the things that divide it. Marx believes the proletariat must overlook things like religious or national differences and collectively realize that the true enemy is the bourgeoisie and the bourgeois conception of private property. As he says at the end of the Manifesto, "The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working Men of All Countries, Unite!"
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm

In the first chapter of The Communist Manifesto, Marx gives seven examples of class struggle: slaves versus freemen, patricians versus plebeians, feudal lords versus serfs, guild masters versus journeymen, the bourgeoisie versus the nobility, the lower middle classes versus the bourgeoisie, and proletarians versus the bourgeoisie.
He oversimplifies the history of social interactions by stressing social conflicts while bypassing cooperation among various social groups and by reducing all social distinctions to distinctions of class. This analysis reflects the unstable political and social environment of nineteenth-century Europe, where industrialization and the growth of a market society precipitated the breakdown of traditional social ties and cultural values; after these broke down, only material interests remained. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx calls these interests the “cash nexus.”
Marx portrays this dissolution of social interdependence as a destructive but ultimately progressive phenomenon. In his opinion, by destroying old certainties, capitalism emancipates individuals from patriarchal subjugation and traditional loyalties. Thus, in his analysis, capitalism revolutionizes society and prepares it for the establishment of communism.

Calculus of a Single Variable, Chapter 9, 9.3, Section 9.3, Problem 80

To evaluate the series sum_(n=2)^oo ln(n), we may apply the divergence test:
If lim_(n-gtoo) a_n != 0 then sum a_n diverges.
From the given series sum_(n=2)^oo ln(n) , we have a_n=ln(n) .
Applying the diveregence test,we determine the convergence and divergence of the series using the limit:
lim_(n-gtoo)ln(n) = oo
When the limit value (L) is oo then it satisfies lim_(n-gtoo) a_n != 0 .
Therefore, the series sum_(n=2)^oo ln(n) diverges.
We can also verify this with the graph: f(n) = ln(n) .

As the value of n increases, the function value also increases and does not approach any finite value of L.

The women's suffrage movement ended as the result of what?

The goal of the woman's suffrage movement in the United States (as in all countries) was to obtain for women the right to vote in elections. In 1920, women did earn that right, and so the suffrage movement ended.
However, the larger women's rights movement continued. Suffrage, or the vote, was only one component of the push for equal rights for women.
The fight for the women's vote began in the 1820s and was a centerpiece of the 1848 Seneca Falls convention. Between the creation of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890 and the year 1918, a number of states and territories voted to support the right of women to vote. Finally, in 1920, the United States passed the 19th amendment, which granted the vote to all women.

The primary goal of the Women's Suffrage movement was to achieve suffrage for women, as the name implies, meaning that they were seeking to have equal voting rights accorded to women. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was finally passed, which largely put an end to decades of agitation and political campaigning from women, as it meant that women were able to vote in the presidential election of that year.
Of course, we are here only referring to the white Women's Suffrage movement. The African-American women who had campaigned alongside them for decades did not enjoy the same protection as their white sisters when the Nineteenth Amendment was passed. It would be a further four decades before African American women in America were able to vote without impediment, particularly in the South, and consequently the Women's Suffrage Movement in the USA did not end in 1920. African-American women, who were seen as a unique threat in Southern States, often found themselves hounded at the polls and physically denied their voting rights, with the result being that they were forced to continue to protest for their suffrage.

Calculus: Early Transcendentals, Chapter 4, 4.1, Section 4.1, Problem 48

Given: f(x)=5+54x-2x^3,[0,4]
Find the critical value(s) by setting the first derivative equal to zero and solving for the x value(s).
f'(x)=54-6x^2=0
54=6x^2
9=x^2
x=3,x=-3
The critical value is x=3. The value x=-3 is not in the given interval [0, 4]. Therefore x=-3 will not be used to find the absolute maximum or absolute minimum value. Plug in the critical value x=3 and the endpoints of the interval [0, 4] into the original f(x) function.
f(0)=5
f(3)=113
f(4)=93
Examine the f(x) value to determine the absolute maximum and absolute minimum.
The absolute maximum occurs at the point (3, 113).
The absolute minimum occurs at the point (0, 5).

If the cell membrane were removed from the cell, could it still survive?

The short answer is No.
The cell membrane in cells is an essential part of the cell. It separates the inside and the outside of the cell. In a way, the cell membrane defines the region that actually is the cell. It is made up of molecules called phospholipids that come together a structure called the lipid bilayer. The nature of this bilayer allows it to be selectively permeable. Moreover, various proteins are anchored in this cellular membrane, proteins that are also essential for the life of the cell. Hence, it serves as a platform for proteins and other biomolecules, and a sort of selectivity filter for what comes in and out of the cell. 
The importance of the cell membrane is hence, paramount to the survival of the cell. It maintains homeostasis, or internal balance, and also maintains the shape and structure of the cell.
By getting rid of the cell membrane, not only is the internal balance and equilibrium of the cell broken, the entire structure and shape of the cell disappears, and the cell dies.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/celmem.html

Calculus of a Single Variable, Chapter 9, 9.10, Section 9.10, Problem 19

Binomial series is an example of an infinite series. When it is convergent at |x|lt1 , we may follow the sum of the binomial series as (1+x)^k where k is any number. We may follow the formula:
(1+x)^k = sum_(n=0)^oo (k(k-1)(k-2) ...(k-n+1))/(n!) x^n
or
(1+x)^k = 1 + kx + (k(k-1))/(2!) x^2 + (k(k-1)(k-2))/(3!)x^3 +(k(k-1)(k-2)(k-3))/(4!)x^4+...
To evaluate the given function f(x) = 1/sqrt(1-x) , we may apply radical property: sqrt(x) = x^(1/2) . The function becomes:
f(x) = 1/ (1-x)^(1/2)
Apply Law of Exponents: 1/x^n = x^(-n) to rewrite the function as:
f(x) = (1-x)^(-1/2)
or f(x)= (1 -x)^(-0.5)
This now resembles (1+x)^k form. By comparing "(1+x)^k " with "(1 -x)^(-0.5) or (1+(-x))^(-0.5) ”, we have the corresponding values:
x=-x and k =-0.5 .
Plug-in the values on the aforementioned formula for the binomial series, we get:
(1-x)^(-0.5) =sum_(n=0)^oo (-0.5(-0.5-1)(-0.5-2)...(-0.5-n+1))/(n!)(-x)^n
=1 + (-0.5)(-x) + (-0.5(-0.5-1))/(2!) (-x)^2 + (-0.5(-0.5-1)(-0.5-2))/(3!)(-x)^3 +(-0.5(-0.5-1)(-0.5-2)(-0.5-3))/(4!)(-x)^4+...
=1 + 0.5x + (-0.5(-1.5))/(1*2) (-1)^2x^2 + (-0.5(-1.5)(-2.5))/(1*2*3) (-1)^3x^3 +(-0.5(-1.5)(-2.5)(-3.5))/(1*2*3*4)(-1)^4x^4+...
=1 + 0.5x + 0.75/2 (1)x^2 + (-1.875)/6 (-1)x^3 +(6.5625)/24(1)x^4+...
=1 + 1/2x + (3x^2)/8 + (5x^3)/16 +(35x^4)/128+...
Therefore, the Maclaurin series for the function f(x) =1/sqrt(1-x) can be expressed as:
1/sqrt(1-x)=1 + x/2 + (3x^2)/8 + (5x^3)/16 +(35x^4)/128+...

How is the theme of discovery conveyed throughout the text?

Walker uses carefully-chosen language and symbolism to convey the theme of discovery in this short story. Her protagonist, Myop, has a name which connotes short-sightedness or myopia and, accordingly, at the beginning of the story, her perspective is very limited. Walker vividly conveys the smallness of Myop's world, restricted as it is to the "tat-de-ta-ta-ta" of her stick rattling, a world beyond which "nothing existed."
It is by contrast to this limited world that Myop's discovery seems greater. As she strays beyond her usual boundaries, she experiences a "strangeness" and a "deep" silence. Both these words suggest the unknown or the unexplored, and accordingly Myop is frightened, trying to "circle back to the house." As she senses a discovery from her surroundings, she tries to back away from it, returning symbolically to innocence.
It is, however, too late. She steps "smack" into the corpse of the lynched sharecropper, who is described in vivid detail—indicating the level of detail Myop perceives. No longer myopic, she takes in everything about this man: words like "interest" and "noticed" indicate that she is no longer someone content to exist in a small world. Indeed, she is no longer able to. At the end of the story, Myop lays down her flowers—the flowers which represent her innocence and youth—and "the summer" of her childhood is "over." At this juncture, there is no returning to a world of inexperience.

In Alice Walker's short story "The Flowers," a young girl named Myop makes a horrific discovery: she finds the body of a man who was lynched. This marks a turning point in her life, as she is no longer a carefree, innocent girl and has now become aware of the dangers and the racism of the American South.
"The Flowers" begins with Myop enjoying the outdoors, running around her family's property carelessly and singing to herself. We learn that her family are sharecroppers, which was a fairly common position for African Americans in the South during the decades after the Civil War and the abolition of slavery. Alice Walker includes that detail to hint at the context of Myop's childhood; she is unaware at the beginning of the story, but her family is poor and has to work hard for not much profit. As African Americans, they also face the racism that persists in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. The character's name also indicates her shortsighted nature (she is "myopic"). 
At the end of the story, Myop travels farther from home than usual and stumbles upon a decaying corpse wearing overalls. The man was a sharecropper, and the rope around his neck indicates that he was lynched. This discovery makes Myop aware of the dangers, the violence, and the extreme prejudice of the world around her. As Walker's last line notes, "And the summer was over." The summer represents the innocence of Myop's childhood and her carefree, limited perspective.

What does The Importance of Being Earnest tell us to think about marriage? What does it mean that marriage is such a subject of derision in the beginning of the play, and yet everyone gets married in the end?

The play communicates, ultimately, the idea that marriage is a necessary element of a functioning society, even if it is uncomfortable or ridiculous. The fact that all of the major characters, even including Miss Prism and Doctor Chasuble, end up married in the end demonstrates the inevitability of one's eventually "settling down." Algernon may be used to scampering around London, doing whatever he pleases—including inventing a fictional, invalid friend named Bunbury who is perpetually at death's door, especially when Algy wants to escape a social obligation—but he eventually settles down with Cecily, with her fine profile and large fortune. Jack is, likewise, a total liar, as he invents a fictional brother whose identity he can take on whenever he goes to the city so that he can escape the confines of the strict moral code he's adopted as Cecily's guardian. Yet, he also finds love and marries Gwendolyn. If even these two dissipated scamps eventually give in to the marriage state, there can be little hope for someone more conventional.

How does Telemachus mature throughout The Odyssey due to the absence of his father?

With his father gone, Telemachus must step up and become the man of the house. He must grow into his power as a young man and direct the servants and even his mother. We see him issue orders to her. For instance, he tells her,

Tend to your own tasks, the distaff and the loom, and keep the women working hard as well. As for giving orders, men will see to that, but I most of all: hold the reins of power in this house.

We can see that Telemachus no longer acts like a little boy. He issues directives like this to his mother—and she finds him to be speaking "clear good sense"—and he also tries to keep the suitors in order (though he succeeds in outsmarting them, with Athena's help, he cannot muscle them out).
Further, Telemachus actually leaves home on a ship in hopes of finding some information pertaining to his father's whereabouts. This takes a lot of bravery and perseverance. Then, when Odysseus does return, we see how much he trusts Telemachus and respects him, and the son is able to help the father reclaim his rightful place.

Single Variable Calculus, Chapter 1, 1.1, Section 1.1, Problem 51

A rectangle has perimeter of 20$m$. Express the area of the rectangle as a function of the length of one of its sides.

The perimeter of the rectangle is the sum of its length and width. As shown below:


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\text{Perimeter} &= 2x + 2y && ;\text{where } x \text{ and } y \text{ are the length and width respectively.}\\
2x + 2y &= 20 && (\text{Dividing both sides of the equation by 2})\\
x+y &= 10 && (\text{Solving for } y)\\
y &= 10 - x\\
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


While the area of the rectangle is the product of its length and width.



$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\text{Area} &= xy && (\text{Substituting the value of } y \text{ from the Perimeter})\\
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$




$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\boxed{
\begin{array}{lll}
&\text{Area} &=& x(10-x) &&\\
&\text{domain:} && 0 < x < 10 &&
\end{array}}

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$

How is Jefferson influenced by Enlightenment thinking?

Thomas Jefferson was influenced by Enlightenment figures in many different ways. Jefferson dedicated much of his intellectual life to studying famous philosophers, scholars, and scientists from the Enlightenment era, men like John Locke, Sir Isaac Newton, and Montesquieu. As a result, many Enlightenment “ideas” made their way into Jefferson’s writings (and later, his political policies), most notably the Declaration of Independence.
One central political idea of the Enlightenment was the belief that individuals were entitled to certain guarantees from their government, like life, liberty, and property. Moreover, many Enlightenment intellectuals believed that government was obligated to protect their citizens’ personal and political rights. (For example, governments were supposed to simultaneously protect their citizens’ right to own property, while also protecting their right to free speech.)
Jefferson infused his most famous political writing—the Declaration of Independence—with many Enlightenment ideas, most famously the idea that all Americans were entitled to the rights of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” However, Jefferson justified the writing of the Declaration from the work of Enlightenment figure John Locke and Locke’s “social contract” theory. Under the social contract, citizens were obliged to support and respect their government as long as their government protected their individual rights and liberties. If the government failed in doing so, then the citizens had the right to rebel against their government and establish a better system for themselves. Jefferson mentions this in the Declaration, arguing that Great Britain had abused the rights of its American subjects and the colonies were therefore justified in declaring their independence.
While influenced heavily by the Enlightenment and its key intellectual leaders, Jefferson and the Declaration should be considered an equal part of that era. Enlightenment ideas would continue to shape other movements of the period, including the French Revolution.
For more information, see: Meacham, Jon. Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power. New York, NY: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2013.

In what ways are Jay Gatsby in the Great Gatsby and Pearl in The Scarlet Letter similar?

Both Jay Gatsby and Pearl are estranged from their families. Jay Gatsby, or rather James Gatz, has chosen to live a completely different life from the one his family lives; although he paid for his parents' home, he does not maintain any significant contact with them because they would blow his cover. He pretends to be the heir to a family fortune so that he can pass himself off as "old money," and he's told people that his whole family is dead. Gatsby's distance from his family is both emotional and geographical. Pearl, on the other hand, lives near her parents, but she does not know—at least not consciously—who her father is. She is, of necessity, quite close to her mother, who is the only person she interacts with on a regular basis, but she remains at a considerable emotional remove from her father, a man who will not acknowledge her either privately (to Pearl, herself) or publicly.
In addition, both Gatsby and Pearl are rule breakers. Gatsby is a bootlegger, someone who illegally sells alcohol during Prohibition, making his fortune by engaging in a life of crime. He does it in order to make a lot of money quickly so that he can impress Daisy with his fortune and security. Pearl, as the narrator says, cannot "be made amenable to rules." She disobeys her mother constantly; her behavior often flies in the face of social convention, and she will not listen, even when prevailed upon by the minister, governor, or the like. Gatsby and Pearl both live, to varying degrees, outside the rules of their communities.
Finally, Gatsby and Pearl are also mysteries to their communities. His party guests speculate wildly about Gatsby's origins, history, and occupation; no one really knows him, let alone knows him well, and this likely helps him to cultivate the fascinating facade he wants to create. Pearl is also an unknown quantity among her community. She doesn't speak to many people besides her mother, and she slings mud and rocks at other children whenever they come near. Both Gatsby and Pearl are alienated from and considered to be mysterious by their societies.

College Algebra, Chapter 1, 1.3, Section 1.3, Problem 46

Find all real solutions of $\displaystyle z^2 + 5z + 3 = 0$.


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

z^2 + 5z + 3 =& 0
&& \text{Given}
\\
\\
z^2 + 5z =& -3
&& \text{Subtract 3}
\\
\\
z^2 + 5z + \frac{25}{4} =& -3 + \frac{25}{4}
&& \text{Complete the square: add } \left( \frac{5}{2} \right)^2 = \frac{25}{4}
\\
\\
\left( z + \frac{5}{2} \right)^2 =& \frac{13}{4}
&& \text{Perfect square, take the LCD on the right side then simplify}
\\
\\
z + \frac{5}{2} =& \pm \sqrt{\frac{13}{4}}
&& \text{Take the square root}
\\
\\
z =& \frac{-5}{2} \pm \sqrt{\frac{13}{4}}
&& \text{Subtract } \frac{5}{2}
\\
\\
z =& \frac{-5}{2} \pm \sqrt{\frac{13}{4}}
&& \text{Subtract } \frac{5}{2}
\\
\\
z =& \frac{-5}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{13}}{2} \text{ and } z = \frac{-5}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{13}}{2}
&& \text{Solve for } z
\\
\\
z =& \frac{-5 + \sqrt{13}q}{2} \text{ and } z = \frac{-5 - \sqrt{13}}{2}
&& \text{Simplify}

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$

Precalculus, Chapter 7, 7.4, Section 7.4, Problem 42

You need to decompose the fraction in simple irreducible fractions, such that:
(x+1)/(x^3(x^2+1)^2) = A/x + B/(x^2) + C/(x^3) + (Dx+E)/(x^2+1) + (Fx+G)/((x^2+1)^2)
You need to bring to the same denominator all fractions, such that:
x+1= A(x^2(x^2+1)^2) + Bx(x^2+1)^2 + C(x^2+1)^2 + (Dx+E)x^3*(x^2+1) + (Fx+G)*x^3
x+1= Ax^2(x^4 + 2x^2 + 1) + Bx(x^4 + 2x^2 + 1) + C(x^4 + 2x^2 + 1) + (Dx^4+Ex^3)*(x^2+1) + Fx^4 + Gx^3
x+1= Ax^6+ + 2Ax^4 + Ax^2 +Bx^5 + 2Bx^3 + Bx+ Cx^4 + 2Cx^2 +C + Dx^6 + Dx^4 + Ex^5 + Ex^3 + Fx^4 + Gx^3
You need to group the terms having the same power of x:
x+1=x^6(A+D) + x^5(B+E) + x^4(2A+C+D+F) + x^3(2B+E+G) + x^2(A+2C) + x(B) + C
Comparing the expressions both sides yields:
A+D = 0
B+E = 0
2A+C+D+F = 0 => F = 1
2B+E+G = 0 => G = -1
A+2C = 0 => A = -2 => D = 2
B= 1 => E = -1
C = 1
Hence, the partial fraction decomposition of the improper rational expression is (x+1)/(x^3(x^2+1)^2) = -2/x + 1/(x^2) + 1/(x^3) + (2x-1)/(x^2+1) + (x-1)/((x^2+1)^2)

In John Updike's "Separating," what is the significance of the kiss Dickie gives his father "on the lips" that is as "passionate as a woman's"?

At the end of Updike's story "Separating," Richard tells his son, Dickie, that he is separating from Dickie's mother. Dickie is the last of the four children to be told about the separation, and he accepts the news calmly. When Richard says goodnight to his son after Judith (his wife) has already done so, Dickie kisses his father passionately on the lips, like a woman.
The significance of this kiss is that it is a proxy for Richard's connection with his wife, Judith. At the end of the story, Dickie whispers "Why" into his father's ear, trying to figure out why his parents are getting divorced. The last line of the story is "Richard had forgotten why." Richard has become distanced from his wife, and they want to separate after a long marriage, but he can't even recall why he wants this separation. He now must communicate his affection and love for his wife through his children, as he will no longer be connected with Judith. His son's passionate kiss stands for this missing connection between Richard and Judith and for the communication of their love through their children. Even though Richard and Judith feel distanced from each other and will soon be physically distanced from each other, they have this one last symbolic connection through their son Dickie.

The writer says Mr. Fogg was not greedy. How can this be proven?

Phileas Fogg is a very wealthy man, yet he leads a relatively modest lifestyle. For him, money is simply a means to an end, something that gives him the opportunity to indulge his eccentric hobbies. The wager he accepts at the Reform Club—to travel round the world in eighty days—is for a substantial sum: £20,000, roughly $3 million in today's money. However, the money does not interest Phineas in the slightest; it is the challenge that matters.
When Fogg returns home, he mistakenly believes that he has arrived late and has therefore lost the bet. The best part of £20,000—half his fortune—has been spent on the trip. But despite being financially embarrassed, Fogg gives what little money he has left to Passepartout and Detective Fix. We should bear in mind that the other half of Fogg's fortune was held in an escrow account to pay off the wager in the event that he lost. Because Fogg thinks he lost, he is also under the impression that he is virtually broke. His generous donation to Passepartout and Fix proves conclusively that he is not by any means a greedy man.

What is a good quote from Moneyball by Michael Lewis?

A good quote from Moneyball would describe how Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane approached the task of fielding a competitive team.
Beane's emphasis on sabermetric data is a significant reason why he was a successful general manager in Moneyball.  However, I think that his success is also due in part to his approach to organizational management. One quote that shows this is reflected in his view towards trading for athletes:  

No matter how successful you are, change is always good. There can never be a status quo. When you have no money you can’t afford long-term solutions, only short-term ones. You have to always be upgrading.

Beane sought to challenge the existing attitude many held in the baseball community.  One of those beliefs is that changing the makeup of a team should be undertaken with caution.  Beane challenged this idea because he believed that, as a small-market team, he had to continually look for ways to improve.  He knew that he would not be able to purchase the contract of a very high-priced free agent.  Beane understood that the only way his team would be more competitive is through abandoning a fear of change.  His quote shows how he looked for ways to develop a distinctive edge that could distinguish his organizations from anyone else.  His approach to management embraced change.  Working in his organization forced everyone else to accept it, as well.

What does Cassius want Brutus to realize about himself?

I think you are referring here to Cassius's speech to Brutus in act 1, scene 2 of Julius Caesar, in which he prevails upon Brutus to recognize that "the fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars / But in ourselves, that we are underlings." That is, it is not because of fate that Cassius and Brutus have lesser positions than Caesar has, but only because they have not agitated against Caesar. Cassius describes to Brutus a story of how he once rescued Caesar when swimming as an example of Caesar's humanity. He suggests that for Caesar to "bestride the narrow world / Like a Colossus" is unjust and that it is only because Brutus cannot see his own reflection that he does not realize he is just as worthy to command as Caesar is.
As Cassius puts it, "why should that name be sounded more than yours? . . . Yours is as fair a name." Brutus, Cassius tells him, is just as worthy, as "heavy," as Caesar and is capable of leading a revolt against Caesar's dictatorship.
Cassius offers himself as a "reflection" to Brutus as an attempt to show him his own "hidden worthiness."

Who notices the scar that gives away Odysseus's identity?

We have reached Book 19 of The Odyssey, and our hero has finally returned home to Ithaca after his long, epic voyage. But Odysseus remains disguised as a beggar. He does not want to reveal his true identity just yet; he does not want Penelope's suitors to get wind of his arrival. Odysseus will not even reveal himself to Penelope, and, like everyone else, she does not recognize her husband: she thinks he is a beggar. She provides him with generous hospitality—a common theme throughout the poem—and instructs her old housekeeper Euryclea to wash the stranger's feet.
Euryclea also used to be Odysseus's nurse when he was a boy; she has bathed him numerous times. As she mixes the water for Odysseus's feet, Euryclea remarks on how similar the stranger looks to her master. It is only a matter of time before Odysseus's true identity is discovered. Despite Odysseus's best efforts to hide his scar, as soon as Euryclea touches it, she knows it is him straight away. The old nurse is so overwhelmed with joy that she allows Odysseus's foot to drop into the basin, spilling water everywhere. Odysseus's identity has finally been revealed, but for now, he swears Euryclea to secrecy. He still has to settle accounts with the suitors, and word must not get out that he is home.

Interpret the discussion of knowledge as true belief in Plato's Theaetetus, what are the puzzles for this position and precisely would there be a better way to confront them? Furthermore, why does Socrates ultimately reject even the modified version of this position, which has it that knowledge is true belief and an account?

Interpret the discussion of knowledge as true belief in Plato's Theaetetus, what are the puzzles for this position and precisely would there be a better way to confront them?
In Theaetetus, Socrates and Theaetetus discuss what knowledge constitutes. According to Theaetetus, knowledge is either one of four things: a) it is wisdom contained in the arts and sciences b) it is what our perception tells us c) it is true (belief) judgment (as opposed to false judgment), or d) it is true (belief) judgment accompanied by a logical explanation (account). 
Based on your question, you would like a discussion of c) knowledge as true belief or judgment. Theaetetus proposes that, in order to have true belief (or judgment), one must be able to distinguish it from false judgment. The puzzles for this position are as follows:
1) One problem for this position is the puzzle of misidentification, which Theaetetus equates to mistaking A for B. Socrates argues that one cannot make such a false judgment, however. If one does not know A, then one cannot know B either (and therefore cannot make a false judgement). If, however, one knows A, one will likely understand that A cannot be B.
2) Another problem is the puzzle of believing what is not. Socrates argues that one cannot equate false judgment (belief) to faith in nothing. It is technically absurd.
3) A third problem is the puzzle of Allodoxia, which equates false belief with the practice of inadvertently exchanging one piece of information for another. Socrates argues against this, as he maintains that all our thoughts are concrete and accessible to us. If we are conscious of all the objects of our thoughts, there can be no room for inadvertency. 
4) A corresponding problem rests in the puzzle of the Wax Tablet, where true belief (judgment) is acquired by what is imprinted on one's memory. According to Theaetetus, false judgment (belief) occurs when we wrongly match a memory to a perception, such as when we mistake one person for another, based on what we think we remember.
However, Theaetetus' theory does not take into account false beliefs about mathematical equations. Socrates argues that a person may believe that 7+5=11, when the truth is that 7+5=12. According to the Wax Tablet idea, false beliefs based on wrongly connecting a memory to a perception are possible, but false beliefs regarding mathematical equations cannot happen. Socrates argues that the Wax Tablet idea leaves much to be desired.
5) A final problem rests in the puzzle of the Aviary, where the birds in an aviary represent pieces of knowledge. If one catches a bird, one essentially obtains knowledge. It follows from this argument that if one catches the "wrong" bird, then one will obtain ignorance. Although Theaetetus argues that we can define false belief this way, Socrates argues otherwise. He presents a quandary for Theaetetus: what if a person obtains "ignorance" but thinks of it as wisdom or knowledge instead?
Furthermore, why does Socrates ultimately reject even the modified version of this position, which has it that knowledge is true belief and an account?
After arguing the above, Theaetetus presents the idea of knowledge as true belief (judgement) with an account (or explanation). Socrates rejects this argument because he contends that an explanation is already a part of true judgment. Therefore, it cannot in itself define knowledge. What Socrates is saying is this: to define knowledge, we still have to separate true belief from false belief; since we have yet to do this satisfactorily, how can we know what knowledge constitutes? 
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-theaetetus/

In Zindel's The Pigman, why does Lorraine become angry with John about going to Mr. Pignati's house?

In Paul Zindel's The Pigman, Lorraine makes a prank phone call to Mr. Pignati one night, which ends with John convincing the senior citizen to donate ten dollars to a fake cause. John promises Mr. Pignati that they will come over and collect the money soon. However, Lorraine has different feelings:

"The next day Lorraine chickened out and said she wouldn't go with me to collect the money. 
'Give me one good reason,' I demanded.
'Because it's wrong to take money from an old man, that's why'" (31-32).

Lorraine clearly does not feel comfortable taking an old man's money, especially after hearing how sweet Mr. Pignati sounds over the phone. John is accustomed to taking advantage of other people because he is the puller of many different pranks over the phone and at school. Lorraine only makes the prank call to Mr. Pignati during a prank calling game with John's friends. Lorraine is nervous because she has a conscience and cares about other people. As a result, Lorraine tries to back out of meeting Mr. Pignati. The following excerpt shows Lorraine becoming angry with John about collecting the ten dollars from Mr. Pignati.

"'I've been thinking, and I've decided we'd better go over and collect the ten bucks.'
'I've been thinking, and I've decided we'd deginitely better not,' she snapped.
'We're not doing anything bad,' I insisted.
'Ha!'" (36).

Eventually, Lorraine goes to visit Mr. Pignati because John tells her that old people like visits. He even manipulates her by saying that the old man might be suicidal if they don't go visit him. Lorraine does go to see Mr. Pignati, and they end up becoming good friends.

What evidence is there that Juliet is impatient in act 2, scene 5?

Juliet's impatience is shown through her dialogue with the nurse in this scene.
The nurse has raised Juliet, and she loves Juliet as her own daughter. She can sense that Juliet's relationship with Romeo is causing Juliet to be completely unlike herself. She sees Juliet's impatience especially clearly when she returns with the message and finds Juliet in a bit of a frantic state. The nurse uses this to have some fun before delivering the good news. She switches between prose and iambic pentameter, causing rhythm changes and keeping the scene upbeat and fun. She also playfully prolongs telling Juliet the news, knowing it will be torture for her to wait.

Though his face be better than any man’s, yet his leg excels all men’s, and for a hand and a foot and a body, though they be not to be talk’d on, yet they are past compare. He is not the flower of courtesy, but I’ll warrant him, as gentle as a lamb.

She asks Juliet whether she has eaten yet:

Go thy ways, wench, serve God. What, have you din’d at home?

She complains excessively about her fatigue:

Lord, how my head aches! What a head have I!
It beats as it would fall in twenty pieces.
My back a’ t’ other side—ah, my back, my back!

And she does all this before she finally tells Juliet about the plan to marry Romeo. Sometimes we can learn a lot about a character through how they are seen by the people closest to them.

Juliet is impatient that the nurse has arrived late and delays in telling Juliet what Romeo's answer is to marriage. In the previous scene, the Nurse seeks out Romeo and encounters him with his friends in the town square. Mercutio greets the Nurse and tells her that it is afternoon:

Mercutio: God ye good den, fair gentlewoman.
Nurse :Is it good den?
Mercutio: 'Tis no less, I tell you, for the bawdy hand of thedial is now upon the prick of noon. (2.4.55-57)

Understanding the previous scene reveals Juliet's impatience as she wonders why the nurse is so late:

Juliet: The clock struck nine when I did send the nurse;
In half an hour she promised to return. (2.5.1-2)

The nurse is over three hours late by time that she does return with news from Romeo. In lines 16-17, Juliet also notes that the nurse is old and thus slow. Juliet then implores the nurse to tell her what news she has from Romeo, using repetitive compliments such as "good, good nurse" (2.5.28) and "sweet, sweet, sweet nurse" (2.5.47). As the nurse continues to keep Juliet in suspense, the nurse notes that Juliet responses to her angrily (2.5.55).

Juliet's nurse has been acting as a go-between. As Romeo and Juliet are unable to meet in person, the Nurse scuttles back and forth between them, carrying messages. In act 2, scene 5, Juliet is incredibly impatient. She's waiting for the Nurse to return from meeting with Romeo. The Nurse was supposed to have returned by nine o'clock, but now it's noon; she's three hours late. Juliet shows her youth and immaturity by fretting over what may have happened. She's also highly impetuous, believing that messengers of love should be quick, certainly much quicker than the slow-moving Nurse:

Love’s heralds should be thoughts, Which ten times faster glide than the sun’s beams, Driving back shadows over louring hills. Therefore do nimble-pinioned doves draw love And therefore hath the wind-swift Cupid wings.

In her impatience, Juliet shows herself to be a tad disrespectful of her elders:

My words would bandy her to my sweet love, And his to me. But old folks, many feign as they were dead, Unwieldy, slow, heavy, and pale as lead.

Messages between the two star-cross'd lovers should be scooting back and forth like greased lightning, but they're not, because the Nurse is slow, fat, and old. When the Nurse finally turns up, Juliet is desperate for information:

Now, good sweet Nurse—O Lord, why look’st thou sad? Though news be sad, yet tell them merrily. If good, thou shamest the music of sweet news By playing it to me with so sour a face.

But the Nurse isn't sad; she's just incredibly tired after rushing back from Romeo. The poor woman's been run ragged by her errands:

I am aweary. Give me leave awhile. Fie, how my bones ache! What a jaunt have I!

Juliet, however, is too young to understand; she's more concerned with what news the Nurse has brought than her poor, aching bones:

I would thou hadst my bones and I thy news. Nay, come, I pray thee, speak. Good, good Nurse, speak.

The Nurse, though out of breath, is still able to speak and yet still won't reveal what Romeo said. This makes Juliet all the more impatient, and for the first time in the scene, we can perhaps start to sympathize with her:

How art thou out of breath when thou hast breath To say to me that thou art out of breath? The excuse that thou dost make in this delay Is longer than the tale thou dost excuse. Is thy news good, or bad? Answer to that. Say either, and I’ll stay the circumstance. Let me be satisfied. Is ’t good or bad?

The Nurse doesn't really need to say anything; Romeo himself can say what he needs to say to Juliet in person. She instructs Juliet to go to Friar Lawrence's cell, where a certain special someone is waiting for her. A wedding ceremony awaits, and Juliet is as impatient to get there as she was to hear the Nurse's news:

Hie to high fortune! Honest Nurse, farewell.

What event led the British to end the Townshend Acts?

The British were looking for ways to increase revenue in their colonies. The colonies were becoming more expensive to operate, and the British believed the colonists should share in some of the cost of running the colonies.
The Townshend Acts placed taxes on imported products such as glass and tea. It also removed the power of the colonial legislatures to determine the salaries of the colonial governor. This allowed the colonial governor to act without fear of retaliation by the colonial legislature.
The colonists were unhappy with the provisions of the Townshend Acts. On March 5, 1770, there was a clash between the colonists and the British soldiers in Boston. Five colonists were killed in this event, which was called the Boston Massacre.
Because tensions were high as a result of the Boston Massacre, the British removed all of the taxes from Townshend Acts except for the tax on tea.
https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/townshend-acts

https://www.ushistory.org/us/9d.asp

How do water’s properties help sustain life on earth?

Composition
Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom and is expressed as H20. When hydrogen and oxygen bond in this combination, a single molecule of water is created. The composition of a water molecule is what gives it its unique properties and allows it to interact with other molecules (water or otherwise) in meaningful ways.
Polarity
A water molecule’s structure gives it polarity, the special electrical charge it needs to attract other atoms. The hydrogen in the water is positively charged, while the oxygen is negatively charged, giving the molecule properties like a magnet. Just as the negative end of a magnet will attract positive charges (and vice-versa), the negative charge of the oxygen will attract positively charged atoms. Similarly, the positive charge of the hydrogen will attract negatively charged atoms. When other polar substances are put in water, the water molecules’ unique properties will cause the new substance to dissolve within the water as the molecules are attracted to each other like magnets. This is incredibly important for life, as water can dissolve, carry, and spread the chemicals, minerals, and nutrients necessary to support life.
Surface Tension
If you have ever seen raindrops or beads of water dripping down the side of a cup, you have witnessed water’s surface tension. This, also a result of hydrogen/oxygen polarity, causes molecules to stick together as they are attracted to one another. This gives water a skin that can support light objects and causes water to clump together in drops instead of spreading out. When water moves through plant roots and blood vessels, this high surface tension and polarity causes molecules to drag other molecules along with it.
States of Matter
All matter in the universe can exist in three natural states—solid, liquid, or gas. On Earth, water is the only substance that naturally appears in all three (ice, liquid water, or vapor). Any other substance could be made to appear in different states, but it must be artificially heated or cooled. The natural conditions on Earth already give us water in all three states of matter. Vapor is present in our atmosphere, liquid is present in our rivers, lakes, and oceans, and ice is present in extremely cold environments. Interestingly, most liquids will slow down and contract when they cool, as they lose their ability to resist attraction to each other. This means most frozen substances will be denser than they were as liquids, and the molecules move closer together. Water, on the other hand, expands into a very open crystalline structure when it freezes. This makes ice less dense than water, allowing it to float, and preventing lakes and rivers from freezing solid and killing any life inside them.
Summary
These basic properties are vital to the survival of life. Water’s polarity and surface tension makes it a powerful solvent for sugars, amino acids, and proteins; water can easily hold and transport substances necessary for life within and outside of living things. While capable of existing in multiple states naturally, the points at which water freezes and boils are so low and high, respectively, that it can act as an effective temperature buffer. Also, much of life has evolved to live within water, and by many suggestions, life itself began in water. If water froze similarly to other substances, then rivers and lakes would turn completely solid in cold temperatures; life as we know it would not be able to survive.
https://learning-center.homesciencetools.com/article/properties-water-science-lesson/

https://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/water.htm

Why is the 10th Amendment to the US Constitution violated so much?

This seems to be a rather slanted question, assuming that the Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution is violated almost routinely.  There are many who disagree with that assumption, including me.  Often, the federal government undertakes legislation or regulation in a way in which many people do not understand is perfectly in keeping with its enumerated powers.  For example, the interstate highway system is within Congress's purview because it is an important element of national defense.  If troops cannot be moved efficiently, they are completely ineffective.  Another example is the minimum wage.  I hear people complain that is unconstitutional sometimes.  But in fact, setting the minimum wage is part of interstate commerce.  Much anti-discrimination legislation is in the power explicitly given to Congress under the Fourteenth Amendment.  The enumerated powers of the federal government are broad mandates that include a great deal more power than people realize. Even though education is not listed as a congressional mandate, there is an argument to be made that education is part of national security and commerce as well.  Without an educated workforce, we cannot properly defend ourselves or compete in a global economy.  When the federal government does overreach and violates the Tenth Amendment, the Supreme Court is there to deal with that, and thus far, most of the instances that I hear people complaining have been upheld as perfectly proper within the confines of the Constitution.
 

What were the most populous tribes in the Pacific Northwest?

If one wishes to extend the Pacific Northwest to Alaska, one can consider the Tlingit and Nootka tribes. In Idaho and Washington state, there are the Nez Perce, Palouse, and Walla Walla tribes. The Chinook tribe was important on Washington's Pacific Coast. Paiute and Shoshone tribes made up most of interior Oregon. The Klamath and Modoc people were also common in and around the Willamette Valley in Oregon, where they would fight a disastrous war with settlers in 1851 after the Whitman Massacre.  
By the time American settlers started arriving in earnest in the 1840s and 1850s, one could not call any of these tribes very populous due to diseases spread by Spanish and Russian traders, as well as the Lewis and Clark voyage of 1804-1805. The Nez Perce is probably the best-known from this list due to Chief Joseph's escape from reservation life in the late 1870s.  
http://www.oregonpioneers.com/tribe.htm

What are the common denominators between "Politics and the English Language" and "Shooting an Elephant"? - both written by Orwell.

Both of these essays are concerned with the political elite's manipulation of its citizens. "Politics and the English Language" focuses on the misuse of words in order to make lies sound truthful, to disguise the real agenda of a government or a political party, and thus to deceive people. In "Shooting an Elephant," an ordinary British citizen, in this specific case Orwell himself, is placed in a situation where he is made to act against his will and his moral values as a result of his own country's imperialist policies and deceptions.
Orwell was not an anarchist, and throughout his career he typically characterized himself as one in favor of some sort of "democratic socialism." Yet in his writings he seemed to be critical of governments in general and of all political parties. For instance, before World War II, like most on the left, he was against the Chamberlain government and saw Chamberlain as a war-monger and not the appeaser history has come to see him as.
In spite of the brilliant analysis of colonialism in "Shooting an Elephant," Orwell overstates the case, appearing to see the purpose of imperialism primarily as a means for governments to manipulate their own people. In colonial Burma, Orwell says, the white man—himself in this case as a policeman urged on by a crowd of Burmans to kill an elephant—becomes a "hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib." Most people, however, would probably agree that this was merely a by-product of the system, and that the real purpose of colonialism, as bad as it was, was the exploitation of people and resources in underdeveloped countries. If anything, the main object was the enrichment of Britain at the expense of non-European peoples, though Orwell is right that in order to achieve this, the British people themselves had to be duped by the ruling class into a conformist and unquestioning role in the process.
In "Politics and the English Language," Orwell's critique of contemporary writing is valid in its way, and in our time we've seen the trends he describes in a continued and extended form, exacerbated by political correctness and by the dominance of social media. Catchphrases, sloganeering, imprecision, and an abbreviated style render much of our present-day language meaningless. Orwell is prescient in identifying factors in the political writing of the 1940's that may have led to this state of affairs. At the same time, however, much of his analysis seems an exaggeration. He claims the examples he cites are typical, and that "latinization" and over-complication are two of the principal trends of contemporary writing. But the prose of the previous century, during the Victorian period, was actually much more ornate than most twentieth-century writing. The most valid point Orwell makes concerns the euphemisms used in statements by governments, such as the term "population transfer" for what in reality was a form of mass exile and genocide in the Europe of his time.
In summary, both of these essays make important and valid observations about the behavior of governments and political elites. But both are colored by Orwell's typically skeptical and extreme condemnation of not only the ruling class of his own country, but of the business of politics in general. And yet, his writings are brilliant and are an indispensable guide to understanding his time, and by extension, our own.

Was Aaron Burr a traitor or a Patriot?

Aaron Burr was devoted to American independence.  He was considered a Patriot because of his beliefs on independence.  Before and during the Revolutionary War, citizens of the Thirteen Colonies were generally considered Loyalists or Patriots.  Loyalists remained loyal to King George III, while Patriots wanted independence from England.  Patriots sometimes considered Loyalists to be traitors.  Loyalists and citizens of England often considered the Patriots to be traitors.  Aaron Burr was a Patriot, but those loyal to the King would have considered him a traitor.
The Revolutionary War began, and Aaron Burr was promoted until he became a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army.  He served under George Washington and other prominent generals.  Due to his health, Burr retired, but still took part in intelligence missions.  He became a lawyer and later a politician.  He eventually served as Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson.  Burr's beloved wife, Theodosia, was also devoted to the cause of American Independence.
 

What does the old man do when John says he (the old man) looks like he hasn't eaten in two months?

After John's comment, the old man's eyes fill up with tears, and he doesn't speak for a short moment. When he finds his voice again, the old man tells John and Lorraine to go home and to not waste their time with an old man.
He then turns to enter his home. Before he shuts the door, however, John's eyes catch sight of the beautiful gold chain around his neck. After John asks the old man about the rock that is attached to the chain, the latter hints that it is an important artifact. He then turns to enter his home once more. This time, however, he leaves the door ajar.
John and Lorraine enter behind him. During the visit, John offers the old man some fudge they have brought over, and the latter expounds upon the significance of the gold chain and attached crystal artifact.

How does Nick meet Gatsby?

In chapter 3, Nick Carraway is invited to attend one of Jay Gatsby's magnificent parties, where he ends up running into Jordan Baker. Nick spends the majority of the evening with Jordan Baker and walks through Gatsby's home attempting to cordially introduce himself to his neighbor. While Nick is sitting at a table with several of Gatsby's guests, he hears numerous rumors surrounding his enigmatic neighbor and is puzzled by the fact that he has yet to meet him. Later in the evening, Nick is enjoying some champagne when a man says that he looks familiar. Nick strikes up a brief conversation with the man and mentions that it is an unusual party because he hasn't had the pleasure of meeting the host. Just then, the man introduces himself as Jay Gatsby, which astonishes Nick. Gatsby ends up inviting Nick to ride with him on his hydroplane in the morning, and Nick is enchanted by Gatsby's rare, inviting smile.

Nick is unusual in that he's personally invited to one of Gatsby's lavish parties. Most of his other guests normally just show up, taking advantage of Jay's legendary hospitality. But Nick is not that like that at all, and the manner of his invitation foreshadows the friendship that will develop between the two men.
When Nick first arrives at the party, he's as much in the dark about Gatsby as everyone else. People stand around talking about their host, speculating about this man of mystery. At midnight, Nick and Jordan Baker go outside and sit at a table occupied by a handsome young man. The man tells Nick that he looks familiar and asks him if they served together in the war. He then introduces himself as Jay Gatsby, and so a thrilling new chapter in the life of Nick Carraway begins.

How can I introduce an essay which argues that Victor Frankenstein’s abundance of friendship and love leads him to be overly confident in his abilities, while the creature’s lack of the same prevents him from benefiting from his greater human potential?

A really nice way to begin an opening paragraph is by introducing a relevant quotation or idea and then linking it to your topic. One quote that seems very applicable to your topic comes from Elie Wiesel, another author: "Friendship marks a life even more deeply than love. Love risks degenerating into obsession, friendship is never anything but sharing."
Victor, of course, has wonderful friends in Henry and Elizabeth, and they help him to feel better when he's down; Henry even nurses Victor back to help when he falls dangerously ill after the completion of his experiment.
The creature, on the other hand, is utterly friendless—even his creator abandons him. Though he desperately tries to reach out to the DeLaceys, they also run in terror from him. Finally, he attempts to kidnap a child in order to educate the child as his companion and friend, but when he learns that this child is Victor's brother, he kills him in order to cause Victor pain. It is clear that having friendship, real and true companionship is vital, more vital than even romantic love. Because he has no one to share his life with, the creature is miserable.
You say that you plan to argue in your thesis that Victor's abundance of friends and loved ones makes him overconfident, and the creature's lack of friends prevents him from reaching his full potential. You might point out that it is only when Victor is left alone, friendless in Ingolstadt, that he pursues his education exclusively, and this practice leads to his grave error in seeking to create life. He says,

In the university, whither I was going, I must form my own friends, and be my own protector. My life had hitherto been remarkably secluded and domestic; and this had given me the invincible repugnance to new countenances. . . I believe myself totally unfitted for the company of strangers.

In other words, because of his wealth of friends at home, Victor felt comfortable NOT making friends at school. Instead, he spends all his time working on his education, and then on his experiment—his attempt to create life—and this is where his major trouble started.
The creature, on the other hand, doesn't choose solitude, but rather, has it inflicted on him, like a punishment. He tells Victor,

"My vices are the children of a forced solitude that I abhor; and my virtues will necessarily arise when I live in communion with an equal. I shall feel the affections of a sensitive being, and become linked to the chain of existence and events, from which I am now excluded."

Victor ultimately refuses his creature's request for a companion, and thus the creature turns all of his efforts into exacting his revenge on Victor. Rather than be able to use his powers for good, to assist humanity, to further our lives, the creature's life becomes consumed by misery and malice. Any idea that he could benefit the race of humanity is lost because he is so lonely.

y=sqrt(x), y=0 , x=4 Find the x and y moments of inertia and center of mass for the laminas of uniform density p bounded by the graphs of the equations.

For an irregularly shaped planar lamina of uniform density (rho) bounded by graphs y=f(x),y=g(x) and a<=x<=b  , the mass (m) of this region is given by,
m=rhoint_a^b[f(x)-g(x)]dx
m=rhoA  , where A is the area of the region
The moments about the x- and y-axes are,
M_x=rhoint_a^b 1/2([f(x)]^2-[g(x)]^2)dx
M_y=rhoint_a^bx(f(x)-g(x))dx
The center of mass (barx,bary) is given by:
barx=M_y/m
bary=M_x/m
Now we are given y=sqrt(x),y=0,x=4
The attached image shows the region bounded by the functions,
Now let's find the area of the region,
A=int_0^4sqrt(x)dx
A=[x^(1/2+1)/(1/2+1)]_0^4
A=[2/3x^(3/2)]_0^4
A=[2/3(4)^(3/2)]
A=[2/3(2^2)^(3/2)]
A=[2/3(2)^3]
A=16/3
Now let's evaluate the moments about the x- and y-axes,
M_x=rhoint_0^4 1/2(sqrt(x))^2dx
M_x=rho/2int_0^4xdx
M_x=rho/2[x^2/2]_0^4
M_x=rho/2[4^2/2]
M_x=rho/2(16/2)
M_x=4rho
M_y=rhoint_0^4xsqrt(x)dx
M_y=rhoint_0^4x^(3/2)dx
M_y=rho[x^(3/2+1)/(3/2+1)]_0^4
M_y=rho[2/5x^(5/2)]_0^4
M_y=rho[2/5(4)^(5/2)]
M_y=rho[2/5(2^2)^(5/2)]
M_y=rho[2/5(2)^5]
M_y=rho[2/5(32)]
M_y=64/5rho
The coordinates of the center of the mass are given by,
barx=M_y/m=M_y/(rhoA)
Plug in the values of M_y,A 
barx=(64/5rho)/(rho16/3)
barx=64/5(3/16)
barx=12/5
bary=M_x/m=M_x/(rhoA)
bary=(4rho)/(rho16/3)
bary=4(3/16)
bary=3/4
The coordinates of the center of mass are (12/5,3/4)
 

What figurative language is found in the following quotes? "He was deep asleep and his hands were crossed on his chest like he was ready for the graveyard." "They hadn’t locked the kitchen window. It slid open with just a couple of squeaks, then I was inside the Amos house crouched down like a cat burglar. Quick as a rabbit I look under the table to see if they’d moved my suitcase. It was still there." What does it literally mean? And what do these examples show about Bud?

In the first quotation, the sleeping man is compared through the use of a simile to a corpse "ready for the graveyard." Literally, his arms are crossed over his chest in the way that corpses are traditionally arranged in their coffins; the language also would suggest that a person is lying very straight, on their back with legs outstretched.
In the second quotation, there are two examples of figurative language in the form of two similes. Bud is crouched "like a cat burglar." This suggests that he is low to the ground, in a slightly suspicious or covert posture, like someone hiding--indeed, like a man who is burgling a house and does not want to be caught. Later he moves "quick as a rabbit," suggesting speed but also maintaining the sense of someone crouching or low to the ground.
This use of language is colorful, imaginative in a fairly childlike way. The similes are not original, but they vividly illuminate the situation and help the speaker convey a sense of place and motion.

What does Prospero say regarding his love for study and books?

Initially, Prospero prizes his books above just about everything else. Indeed, his love of books and study helps to explain why he was deposed as Duke of Milan. He was so engrossed in his studies that he didn't notice his own brother scheming and plotting to have him overthrown. Thankfully, Gonzalo, King Alonso's wise counselor, was good enough to ensure that Prospero was allowed to take with him into exile some of the fine volumes from his extensive collection:

By Providence divine. Some food we had and some fresh water thatA noble Neapolitan, Gonzalo,Out of his charity, being then appointed Master of this design, did give us, with Rich garments, linens, stuffs and necessaries,Which since have steaded much; so, of his gentleness, Knowing I loved my books, he furnish'd me From mine own library with volumes that I prize above my dukedom (I.ii).

Prospero's books aren't simply a source of enjoyment or intellectual nourishment; they are essential to the exercise of those magic powers with which he rules over the island. But once Prospero has renounced his magic island kingdom to return to the duchy of Milan from whence he came, he no longer has any need of his magic books, which he will now throw into the sea:

But this rough magic I here abjure, and, when I have required Some heavenly music, which even now I do, To work mine end upon their senses that This airy charm is for, I’ll break my staff, Bury it certain fathoms in the earth, And deeper than did ever plummet sound I’ll drown my book (V.i).

What is the significance of Sandra Cisneros's quote "I like to think that somehow my family, my Mexicanness, my poverty, all had to do with shaping me into a writer. I like to think my parents were preparing me all along for my life as an artist even though they didn’t know it"?

This short essay by Cisneros is about the ways in which she overcame obstacles, especially in regards to her race, childhood economic status, and shyness, and gained confidence in her abilities. After this quote, Cisneros goes on to describe the ways that her parents, her brothers, and other events in her life shaped who she became as an adult and as an artist. 
Thus, this quote is perhaps the "heart" of the essay. It speaks to one of the essay's main ideas, which is that anything in life—be it good, bad, or confusing—is important in forming our identities. Even though it might seem like some experiences are difficult or inconvenient when they first occur, we often discover the richness and value of these moments later on.
Like the essay's title, we can take the "straw" from our lives and turn it into gold. Cisneros talks about how we can find value in virtually anything from our lives, discussing how certain difficult periods in her life influenced The House on Mango Street. She writes, "How was I to know that I would be documenting and recording the women who sat their sadness on an elbow and stared out the window? It would be the city streets of Chicago that I would later record, as seen through a child's eyes. I've done all kinds of things I didn't think I could do since then." 
The quote speaks to the essay's ideas of the ways in which life is surprising and constantly changing, and to the ways we can practice noticing the rich lessons available all around us, in any situation.

How does Emily Dickinson fit into the Age of Expansion?

We could say that Emily Dickinson, who seldom left her father's home in Amherst, Massachusetts, except for one trip to Boston, represented values and habits that were antithetical to the Age of Expansion, or Manifest Destiny.
However, Dickinson's insular habits—writing poetry and letters and gardening—were her ways of engaging with the world. Her poetry, which contemplates subjects such as botany and the role of science, reflect thorough engagement, though her approach to the world is subtler and humbler than that of, say, Walt Whitman.
The Age of Expansion in the United States began with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and continued with the annexation of Texas in 1836 and its statehood in 1845, the Gold Rush of 1849, and then the annexation of Oregon Territory in 1846, after an agreement with Britain about where to draw the Canadian border.
The concept of Manifest Destiny, which asserted the presumed right of white Americans to move westward, was a claim of self-importance that would have irked Dickinson—if we are to use her poetry as any indication of her character, which is tricky. At the very least, we can use it as an indication of what she saw in the world. For example, her poem "I am Nobody! Who are you?" is a rejection of self-importance while advocating the importance of companionship. To be "Somebody" was a "dreary" and "public" thing, "like a Frog"—grotesque and noisy. The United States, as a result of Manifest Destiny, was displacing Great Britain as a big "Somebody" on the international stage.
On the other hand, her poem "To make a prairie" could be read as an advocacy of homesteading, unless one is inclined to read her nature poems more literally:

To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee,
One clover, and a bee.
And revery [sic].
The revery alone will do,
If bees are few.

The "clover" could be interpreted as a small patch of land, while the "bee" might be the settler who expands it. When all that exists are that one settler (pioneer) and his or her small farm, sometimes the dream of a future community is all there is.
https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/manifest-destiny

Beginning Algebra With Applications, Chapter 5, 5.4, Section 5.4, Problem 70

The relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature can be given by a linear equation. Water freezes at $0^{\circ} C$ or at $32^{\circ} F$. Water boils at $100^{\circ} C$ or at $212^{\circ} F$.

Write a linear equation expressing Fahrenheit temperature in terms of Celsius temperature.

Let $(x_1, y_1) = (0,32)$ and $(x_2, y_2) = (100,212)$ be the ordered pairs

Using the slope of the line

$\displaystyle m = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1} = \frac{212 -32}{100-0} = \frac{180}{100} = \frac{9}{5}$

Using Point-Slope Formula


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

y - y_1 =& m(x - x_1)
\\
\\
y - 32 =& \frac{9}{5} (x - 0)
\\
\\
y - 32 =& \frac{9}{5} x
\\
\\
y =& \frac{9}{5}x + 32
\\
\\
\text{or} &
\\
\\
F =& \frac{9}{5}C + 32

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$

Beginning Algebra With Applications, Chapter 3, 3.2, Section 3.2, Problem 162

Solve $5 [2-(2x-4)] = 2(5-3x)$ and check.


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

5 [2-(2x-4)] =& 2(5-3x)
&& \text{Given equation}
\\
\\
5(2-2x+4) =& 10-6x
&& \text{Apply Distributive Property}
\\
\\
10 - 10x + 20 =& 10-6x
&& \text{Apply Distributive Property}
\\
\\
10-10 + 20 =& -6x+10x
&& \text{Add $10x$ and subtract } 10
\\
\\
20 =& 4x
&& \text{Simplify}
\\
\\
\frac{20}{4} =& \frac{\cancel{4}x}{\cancel{4}}
&& \text{Divide by } 4
\\
\\
5 =& x
&&


\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


Checking:


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

5[2-(2(5)-4)] =& 2 [5-3(5)]
&& \text{Substitute } x = 5
\\
5(2-6) =& 2(-10)
&& \text{Simplify}
\\
-20 =& -20
&&

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$

How did economic interests tie northerners to the slaveholding system of the South?

Northerners were tied to the slaveholding system of the South in many ways. First, southern plantations supplied the cotton that kept the textile mills of the Northeast running. Thus slavery was a very important part of the rise of industry in the United States (and Great Britain.) Less obviously, Northern companies had a considerable amount of money invested in slavery, and in economic pursuits related to slavery. Insurance companies, for example, insured cotton crops and in many cases, enslaved people themselves. The banks that supplied the capital for the expansion of slavery into the old Southwest and the Mississippi River Valley in the nineteenth century were mostly Northern, and they profited heavily, if indirectly, from slavery. Earlier, the merchant companies that essentially controlled the slave trade before it was outlawed in 1808 were almost exclusively Northern. So, as many historians have shown, the economy of the entire United States was, for much of its history, implicated in slavery. 

Knowing that the acceleration of gravity on the moon is 0.166 times that on Earth and that the moon’s radius is 0.273 times the radius of the Earth, find the escape speed for a projectile leaving the surface of the moon.

To escape the gravity of the moon the kinetic energy an object must have must be equal to or greater than the gravitational potential energy of the moon. So set the kinetic and gravitational potential energy equal and solve for the escape velocity. Substitute in values that relate the expression to values of the earth. Then evaluate the expression.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vesc.html

what significance of the tune coming from the piano?

Fitzgerald introduces the melodies played on the piano at a crucial point in "Winter Dreams" when Dexter encounters Judy Jones as a mature woman for the first time. The music, significantly, is from past summers and from the years when Dexter was still immature himself but was formulating his life's goals.
The music symbolizes both the innocence of youth and the boundless promise the young believe the world holds for them. In "Winter Dreams," Judy is another version of the dream-girl figure who appears again and again in Fitzgerald's fiction. Usually it ends up that disillusionment sets in for the protagonist, either with the girl herself or the overall situation. The most famous example of Fitzgerald's dream-girl type is, of course, Daisy in The Great Gatsby.
But although Dexter's enchantment with Judy is just getting into full swing (and on the golf course!), the music is also a subtle foreshadowing that his attachment to her will not last. It represents a "brightness and a glamour he might never know again." In other words, it's the climax of the story. From this point the reader senses that the promise will remain unfulfilled. Fitzgerald's implication is that the reverie of youth, as wonderful as it is while it's happening, is over almost as soon as it begins.

Explain the purpose of the sale of Indulgences.

Indulgences were a theological principle of forgiveness and punishment in the Catholic Church.
In its original form, an Indulgence was a way of escaping punishment in the afterlife for one's sins. It was not, as the name might otherwise suggest, a way of granting forgiveness or freedom from guilt. To the Catholics, that forgiveness could only be granted by God via the sacrament of Confession. However, even if the guilt of the sin had been forgiven, the sin still required temporal punishment. This punishment could be served as time in purgatory in the afterlife--or it could be reduced in the real world. Indulgences--payments, prayers, and other forms of physical contrition--were a way to reduce that debt from one's soul and escape physical punishment or a lengthy confinement to purgatory before admission to heaven.
Unfortunately, the principle of Indulgences became thoroughly corrupted. By the late Middle Ages, many church officers and clerics were using the practice to enrich themselves by selling forgiveness for extravagant sins for extravagant sums of money. This corruption was one of the main motivators for the Protestant movement's split from the Catholic Church.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/indulgence

What are some questions you would ask Socrates right before his death?

This is a very interesting question. To answer it, I will presume that we are time travelers with the advantage of nearly two and a half millennia of historical perspective.
For starters, I might ask Socrates what he would think about being the father of so much later philosophical thought. His influence on nearly every school of philosophy can't be understated. I think he would be amused to hear this, and it would be interesting to hear his own take on his legacy. I have the feeling that he would brush it off, but it would be wonderful to know his perspective on his own lasting influence.
For the purposes of historical inquiry, I would also like to ask Socrates how many of the quotes, sayings, and ideas attributed to him by others are accurate. Plato, Xenophon, Aristophanes, and many others left us most of what we know and understand about Socrates. I would like him to tell me what he thinks of these portrayals.
Of course, Socrates was known for seldom giving a straight answer to a question. I have a feeling that if you were actually able to ask these and other questions of the philosopher, you might find it to be a frustrating experience. Nonetheless, it would be a curious thing to do.

According to the Oracle at Delphi, Socrates was the wisest man in the world. He was also the father of modern western philosophy, and he encouraged philosophical thinking to move beyond the realm of physical science into the areas of morality and ethics. Given this background and the fact that his main focus was on how to live a moral life, here are some of the questions that I would have liked to ask him:
Now that you have been sentenced to death, do you remain as convinced as ever that you have done the right thing by challenging society? How do you think your death will impact the world? In what ways could the world be improved if everyone agreed with your way of thinking? As society evolves, do you think that ethics and morals will become more or less important, and why?
https://www.ancient.eu/socrates/

Socrates was one of the wisest men to ever live. Sadly, he was convicted of political crimes by men who did not like him, so he was forced to commit suicide. The account of Socrates' trial and death is detailed in Plato's Apology, Phaedo, Crito, and Euthyphro. There are many questions I would liked to have asked Socrates had I been able to meet him.
First, I would ask him why he would submit to an unjust sentence. Socrates answered similar questions when his followers attempted to help him escape, but I would like to press the point which St. Augustine would later make, which is that "an unjust law is no law at all." Second, I would ask Socrates to share the key to living a life of wisdom. Finally, I would ask him to share insights which would help me become better at asking good questions.

Calculus of a Single Variable, Chapter 4, 4.1, Section 4.1, Problem 30

You need to evaluate the indefinite integral, such that:
int sec y(tan y - sec y) dy= int (sin y - 1)/(cos^2 y) dy = int (sin y)/(cos^2 y) dy - int 1/(cos^2 y) dy
You need to solve int (sin y)/(cos^2 y) dy , using substitution cos y = t => -sin ydy = dt
int (sin y)/(cos^2 y) dy = int (-dt)/(t^2) = 1/t + c = 1/(cos y) + c
You need to remember that 1/(cos^2 y) = (tan y)'
int sec y(tan y - sec y) dy= 1/(cos y) - tan y + c
Hence, evaluating the indefinite integral yields int sec y(tan y - sec y) dy= 1/(cos y) - tan y + c.

Precalculus, Chapter 8, 8.1, Section 8.1, Problem 67

rsWe began by stating our equations as follows:
3x - 2y = -27
x + 3y = 13
(NB: Note that I wrote the values of the x variable below each other, values with the y variable below each other and the constants below each other. Also note that the sign before each number is also part of the variable.)
Now we will put the equations in matrix form:

[[3,-2 : -27],[1,3 : 13]]
Now swap Row 1 with Row 2: We want the numbers in the main diagonal to have the number '1':
[[1,3 : 13],[3 ,-2 : -27]]
In Gaussian elimination we want all values below the main diagonal to equal zero. Hence, we shall subtract 3 to Row 3:
[[1, 3 : 13],[0 ,-5 : -30]]
Now we want the main diagonal to contain the number '1', hence we divide row 2 by -5:
[[1,3 : 13],[0, 1: 6]]
Now that we have the number 1 across the main diagonal and zero's below the main diagonal we can perform back substitution by substituting the value of y=6 into the first equation:
x + 3y = 13
y = 6
Therefore x = -5
Lets double check our answers
3*-5 + -2*6 = -15 - 12 = -27
-5 + 3 *6 = -5 + 18 = 13

The poem "The Clown's Wife" represents the difference between the personal and professional lives of people. Do you agree?

There are actually two questions implied here, so I'll give you some guidance for both.
One question is whether the reader agrees that this is the theme of the poem. I think it would be difficult to find textual support otherwise. The speaker notes the way her husband is a "king on a throne" at work and although he performs well on stage, he comes home with the "world on his shoulder." His wife then becomes the performer, doing what is needed to cheer him.
Another question is whether people generally do this—act one way at work and another way at home. Although a generalization like this could not possibly apply to every circumstance, people do (generally) feel more comfortable at home and are more themselves (good and bad). Venting about work and school, pent up all day because of social restrictions, spills out at home. True passions are shared at home. Deep conversations, which people can't necessarily have at work due to a lack of time or a lack of meaningful relationships there, happen at home as well. Additionally, every personal relationship has differing demands on a person. The dynamics of a boss/employee relationship is different, for example, than the dynamics of a mother/daughter relationship. So I do think that people generally behave differently at work (or school) than at home, but that isn't necessarily a negative thing.

This question is a standard "what do you think?" type of question, so you can feel free to agree or disagree with the statement so long as you defend it. I think the poem supports the statement because the narrator does a straightforward job of telling her readers that her husband is a "different person" at work than he is at home. The wife tells readers that the shift in personality isn't even a gradual shift. She tells readers that it happens the moment that he walks through door. He goes from being a funny, high energy kind of person to a sad and worry-filled man. I tend to agree with the poem's concept that people have their home "face" and their work face. Jobs demand that individuals behave in a certain way. Whether it's how a teacher treats kids or how a grocery bagger speaks to customers, the job demands certain behavioral protocols; however, it's not realistic that a person acts that way all of the time. The actions and attitudes that a person puts on at work are similar to getting dressed. A person puts on his suit and tie in the morning as well as the persona that goes with it. Then at home, that person switches to rugged jeans, work boots, and the persona that goes along with finally being in a place to relax and take off the work persona.

What have been Obama's contributions on the world?

President Obama has been one of the most popular recent US presidents on the global stage with approval ratings of over 70 percent in many countries. He has been an exponent of multilateralism, attempting to work with global leaders and institutions, repairing the damage done by the "cowboy" style of unilateralism of the Bush administration.
He has worked towards global nuclear disarmament and managed to sign the New START arms control treaty with Russia as well as negotiating for Iran to give up its nuclear weapons development in exchange for relaxing sanctions. He also ordered the strike that killed the terrorist mastermind Osama bin Laden in 2011, and has participated in multilateral efforts to support the Arab Spring. He has opened up diplomatic relations with and visited Cuba, ending a long period of Cold War hostility between Cuba and the United States. 
He has been active in working on international efforts to mitigate global climate change. He steered the US economy out of the worst recession in recent decades, a move that has contributed to a global recovery.  He has also been a strong voice for human rights, gender equality, and LBGT rights. 
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/24/7-charts-on-how-the-world-views-president-obama/

Precalculus, Chapter 6, 6.3, Section 6.3, Problem 41

Hence, you need to find the unit vector having the same direction as the vector v = <-2,2> , hence, you need to use the formula, such that:
u = v/|v|
You need to evaluate the magnitude |v|, such that:
|v| = sqrt(a^2+b^2)
|v| = sqrt((-2)^2 + 2^2) => |v| = sqrt(4+4) => |v| = sqrt 8 => |v| = 2sqrt2
u = (<-2,2>)/(2sqrt2) => u = <-2/(2sqrt2), 2/(2sqrt2)>
u = <-1/(sqrt2), 1/(sqrt2)>
You need to check that the magnitude of the unit vector is 1, such that:
|u| = sqrt((-1/(sqrt2))^2 + (1/(sqrt2))^2)
|u| = sqrt(1/2 + 1/2)
|u| = sqrt (1)
|u| = 1
Hence, evaluated the unit vector yields u = <-1/(sqrt2), 1/(sqrt2)>.

Discuss the themes of Left to Tell.

Let's begin by defining the term "theme," as literary themes are a somewhat complicated topic. In the past, many instructors would tell you that a theme is basically the one word that could summarize “the point” of a literary work (story, poem, novel). However, in reality, a theme is much more than that. It is the central idea that a literary work deals with. In shorter pieces, the theme might only be one idea, but in novels and longer works (epic poems, plays), you will find that more than one theme may surface.
Now, themes can be conceptual (what the reader imagines “the work is about”) and stated (what “the work actually says”). For example, you might read Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White and decide that the book is about friendship. Your conceptual theme for the book would then be “friendship”. However, this creates a problem with the occurrence of death in the book. At multiple points during the novel, characters face sacrifices and even death. These are the stated themes of the novel. But we’re not done yet.
A theme isn’t just one word. It’s basically a thesis for a work. You can’t just say friendship or sacrifice or death and have a theme. You must relate these into some kind of thesis statement. What about friendship, sacrifice, and death is White trying to tell us? We need a sentence to figure that out. When an instructor asks you for a sentence to describe the work, they’re really asking you for the theme(s) of that work.
So, in the case of Charlotte’s Web, one potential theme—based upon conceptual and stated themes—could be: “Friendship and love are powerful forces that confront us with great joy and great sorrow (death), and it’s how we face these challenges that determines our character.”
Now, using the explanation of theme above, we can apply this idea to Left to Tell to expand the author’s stated themes.
For starters, you may have noticed that forgiveness takes on an important role in this book. Ilibagiza, a survivor of the Rwandan genocide of 1994, confronts her faith in the face of an unspeakable evil. As someone whose family was murdered and who had to hide from those murderers in a pastor’s bathroom for ninety-one days alongside seven other women, Ilibagiza had to negotiate her faith under circumstances most could only imagine. The act of forgiveness, coming from such a dark place in her life, couldn’t be given lightly. These were the people who murdered her family and left her terrified. How could she forgive them? In that question, we have the theme: by forgiving those who deserve it the least, we free them and ourselves from our darker impulses and lay claim to our grace.
Surrounding this theme of forgiveness are the themes of God and family. Often, you will see how multiple themes can arise in a story and how they can interconnect. God plays a central role in the negotiation of faith and forgiveness, and family provides Ilibagiza the impetus to confront these issues. If we were to distill these two themes into their respective sentences, we might say: (1) When we open ourselves to God’s grace, (s)he will teach us how to forgive, and (2) The memories of our loved ones live on in future generations.
As you can see, these themes are much clearer than simply the words “faith,” “God,” and “family.”
https://literarydevices.net/theme/

https://www.hayhouse.com/left-to-tell-7

What major themes did the author focus on?

The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home was originally written by Arlie Russell Hochschild with Anne Machung in 1989 and revised in 2012 using more recent data.
The main theme is that working women end up working a "second shift" of unpaid labor in the home. The number of hours spent by married employed women on child care and housework are still almost two-thirds higher than the number worked by men, even when both partners are employed full-time.
The next theme of the book is the way women negotiate these disparities in a way that does the emotional work of protecting the male ego, as well as the emotional dynamics of relationships in which social conventions frame housework as feminine and earning money as masculine.
Another major theme is the book is the difference between egalitarian, transitional, and traditional ideologies of the family and gender, with members of the middle classes favoring egalitarian models and members of the lower class more likely to favor traditional models.
https://www.bls.gov/tus/charts/household.htm

What are the opinions of at least two townspeople regarding the lottery?

Shirley Jackson’s short story, “The Lottery,” provides a chilling look into a strange and horrific tradition of a fictional small town.
The character with the clearest opinion concerning the annual lottery is the town’s oldest resident, Old Man Warner. He is the lottery’s most vocal advocate at the ceremony, squashing talk of other towns ending their lotteries by blaming younger generations, calling them a “Pack of young fools”.  Despite the fact that no one seems to remember clearly the history or purpose of the lottery, Warner believes it must remain in place simply because “There’s always been a lottery.”
The other character who expresses a clear, although evolving, opinion is Tessie Hutchinson. At first, Hutchinson seems caught up in the anticipation of the day as much as anyone. She has no objection to the lottery until her own family’s name is chosen from the lottery box. Even then, Tessie’s initial issue is not with the “fact” of the lottery at all. Instead, she protests the process, claiming “It wasn’t fair.” Only as she becomes the town’s sacrifice does Tessie utter, “[it] isn’t right.” Only in the face of her own imminent death does her opinion of the lottery change as she recognizes its immorality.

Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" is a suspenseful story with a horrific twist ending: it turns out that the "winner" of the annual town lottery is stoned to death by the rest of the town in some kind of superstitious old ritual. In the story, most of the characters are seen to approve of the lottery as long as they are not the ones chosen. The person whose name is eventually drawn, Tessie Hutchinson, of course, has a different opinion as everyone else as she sees the town surrounding her with stones in their hands.
Mr. Summers is basically the officiant, so his role is to administer the slips of paper and maintain order. He could be said to support the lottery and to keep the ritual running along as planned. He can be seen directing the townspeople to complete the steps of the process. He calls people up to the black box, where they take the slips of paper. He also is quoted near the end of the story encouraging people not to open their papers until the right time.
Tessie Hutchinson, on the other hand, is against the lottery once she is chosen. The story ends with her lamenting, "It isn't fair, it isn't right." Old Man Warner encourages townspeople to throw their stones at her, and all of the townspeople are now against this one sacrificial lamb. Even Tessie's own children and husband have to participate in stoning her, as is tradition. It can be assumed that if Tessie had not been chosen, she also would have been fine with participating as usual. 
The lottery in Jackson's story necessarily sets one townsperson against the rest of the community, so that the community participates willingly (or so it seems), while the unlucky chosen member of the town feels wronged by being chosen.

1 background paragraph that sets up the Wife of Bath as a character. For this paragraph, you will be using the information from “The Prologue” to discuss what kind of woman she is and why Chaucer presents her this way in light of her story. This paragraph should include at least 1-2 quotes from “The Prologue.”

Often considered Geoffrey Chaucer's most colorful character, the Wife of Bath is distinctly one who enjoys the luxury of the freedom to travel on pilgrimages. Furthermore, she is an individual with nontraditional ideas because, in the Middle Ages, women were denounced for going on pilgrimages, where there were opportunities for unfaithfulness. In the General Prologue, Chaucer alludes to the Wife of Bath's "wandering" (l.477), a trait that, in the Middle Ages, denoted boldness and a penchant for love and travel. These interests, as well as the remark that she is skilled in the art of love (ll.485-486), suggest that the Wife of Bath seizes the advantages of her freedom to go on a pilgrimage.
Further, in the Wife of Bath's Prologue, she claims to have much experience, having been married five times. But, she boasts, in each of these marriages she has had the upper hand. She disagrees with Jesus's rebuke of the woman at the well who also had five husbands.

Numbers have never been counted: people have managed To marry without arithmetic. (ll. 23-24)

The Wife of Bath is unconventional in her enjoyment of men and her unabashed remarks about the joys of marriage. Human bodies, she contends, are shaped with parts that are meant for use. While she admits to enjoying lovemaking, the Wife of Bath also reveals how she gained "sovereignty" over the men with whom she has been involved. She boasts that this sovereignty can be acquired by "quickness of mind" (l.400).

Lying and weeping are birthright giftsFrom God, natural weapons to help us live.My one particular boast is exactly this,That in the end I always won, whetherBy trick or force, or anything whatever. (ll 401-405)

The Wife of Bath's Tale is often referred to as an exemplum, a story to exemplify, or illustrate, an intellectual idea. In this tale, traditional values are challenged as the Wife of Bath argues for women's desire for "sovereignty." In her argument, the Wife of Bath challenges the medieval view of male/female relationships.

Explain the evolution of Cold War liberalism between 1945 and 1968, that is from the presidency of Harry S. Truman through John F. Kennedy and to Lyndon Baines Johnson. Why did Jimmy Carter eschew the label during the 1976 election?

American liberalism post-World War II was heavily influenced by the economic policies put into place by the liberal presidential administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt, of course, was first elected president while the country was in the depths of the Great Depression, with astronomically high unemployment and a financial system in total disarray. Some of the major New Deal programs that helped to lift the nation out of the Depression, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps, Civil Works Administration, and the Public Works Administration, would wither away or be reestablished in later years under different names and with modified missions. Others, however, survived the war years and continued to exist. Among this latter category are Federal Housing Administration, the Social Security Administration, the Farm Credit Administration, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. These agencies survived because a strong strain within American liberalism viewed such organizations as essential to the welfare of the lower and middle classes and, consequently, became increasingly synonymous with liberalism in the years following the end of World War II.
While liberalism in the United States was increasingly defined by its commitment to social welfare and jobs programs like those from the New Deal, the country had emerged from the war very much rejuvenated economically, politically and spiritually. The 1950s, then, became a period of relative prosperity, with the concerns of most families focused more on external threats (i.e., the growing power of the Soviet Union) and on the perceived threat of communism at home--a fear that manifested itself in the Red Scare and the blacklists that prevented some in the entertainment industry from being able to ply their trade. Foreign policy considerations were largely determinative of the policies advanced by both major political parties during this period, with the Democratic Party split between those who shared the concerns of more conservative areas within the country about the spread of communism and those who sought to ameliorate the threat from the Soviet Union and its allies through advancement of the Truman-era policy of containing the spread of communism and of Soviet encroachment by bolstering alliance networks around the globe while supporting military activities intended to confront or weaken communist and/or pro-U.S.S.R. activities in what was being called the Third World.
American liberalism did not really begin to come into its own until the election of John F. Kennedy (a relatively moderate and sometimes conservative United States senator). While conservatives wholeheartedly supported the candidacy of Republican Vice President Richard Nixon, liberals lined up behind this young, attractive and wealthy senator from Massachusetts whose entertainment industry supporters helped popularize his candidacy. To many, Kennedy represented a major break from the Eisenhower-era politics and staid social customs that had dominated politics for many years. While Kennedy's record as president--a tenure cut tragically short by his assassination three years into his first term--was decidedly mixed (e.g., as a senator, Kennedy had been a vocal proponent of containing communist aggression in Southeast Asia, a policy that manifested itself in his support for dispatching military advisors to Vietnam, and, as president, his record on civil rights was not as positive as it should have been, for various reasons), his was considered a vibrant presidency that better represented the social and cultural transformations taking place across much of the country.
While liberalism under Kennedy took a step forward in terms of the young president's rhetoric about public service ("ask not what your country can for you, ask what you can do for your country"), including his establishment of the Peace Corps, it was his successor who moved the legislative agenda to advance the cause of liberalism forward. Lyndon Johnson, Kennedy's vice president who succeeded the murdered president, was an enormously complicated and very skilled politician. Johnson's keynote program was aggregately called "the Great Society." Just as Roosevelt's New Deal referenced a panoply of economic programs intended to spur economic growth and reduce unemployment, the Great Society was a term used to describe a long list of social welfare and civil rights programs that fundamentally remade American society and the public's perception of the government's proper role in society. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, the War on Poverty, the establishment of the Medicare and Medicaid programs, passage of the National School Lunch Act, the Food Stamp Act, and the Head Start Program were all implemented as part of the Great Society program that Johnson hoped would mark his legacy. 
Unfortunately for Lyndon Johnson, his Great Society was overshadowed by the growing American commitment in Vietnam, as well as neighboring Laos. As that commitment grew, and as Johnson authorized the deployment to Southeast Asia of hundreds of thousands of American soldiers in what was fast becoming an enormously controversial military effort, public consternation, overwhelmingly among liberals, regarding that expanding military effort detracted the president's attention and energy away from the domestic social welfare programs of which he was most proud, and he would decide against running for reelection, forever bitter about his inability to advance his social welfare agenda further than he did.
Johnson's decision not to run for reelection created an enormous vacuum among Democrats, into which slid populist liberal politician Eugene McCarthy, the late President Kennedy's younger brother (and former attorney general) Robert Kennedy, and Johnson's vice president, Hubert Humphrey. While the latter candidate would eventually win the nomination, due, in no small part, to Robert Kennedy's assassination, the Democratic Party was almost torn apart in the process, most notably in the riots that occurred around the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968. Humphrey, of course, would lose in the general election to Richard Nixon, and the rest, as they say, is history.
American liberalism underwent a fundamental transformation between 1945 and 1968, with a marked turn to the political left. Jimmy Carter's election occurred within the context of the American public's exhaustion from the final years of the Vietnam War and from the Nixon Administration's fall from power following the revelations that would become known as "Watergate." Carter's election reflected a desire among many Americans for a break from the status quo--which Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, seemed to personify. Carter was no conservative, but he was hesitant to allow himself to be categorized as a liberal because of the crowded field in which he was running for office. There were, at one time, as many as 17 Democrats seeking the nomination, including liberal stalwarts like Morris Udall and Sargent Shriver, as well as conservative Democratic Senator Henry Jackson. Carter's campaign was predicated upon his ability to present himself as an outsider. He wanted to distinguish himself from the pack, and he succeeded. Unfortunately for him, the Cold War would overwhelm his administration, and social policies were given less priority and attention than he would have liked.
https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/09/2016-election-1976-democratic-primary-213125

Why does Tom want to get a couple of case knives?

Tom wants to get a couple of case knives because he wants to use them to dig out the foundation from under the cabin (where Jim is being held). While Huck prefers to just steal the keys to the cabin, Tom thinks "there’s more honor in getting him out through a lot of difficulties and dangers." 
In other words, Tom wants to carry out the kind of great escape he has read about in novels. To Tom, an admirable escape involves lots of complications and dangers. When Huck suggests that they use picks and shovels to dig Jim out, Tom scoffs at the idea. He tells Huck that nobody in the great action novels actually digs out criminals with big tools. 
Instead, those heroes always use case knives. Tom argues that the men generally dig through solid rock, rather than dirt. He also proclaims that the process of digging out Jim should take weeks and weeks. Huck puzzles over Tom's plan and concludes that Tom is being foolish. However, Tom tells Huck about the prisoner who ended up in China after spending thirty-seven years digging his way out of prison. 
Of course, Huck is still doubtful after hearing Tom's story. So, Tom decides to compromise. He tells Huck that they will only need to pretend that they spent thirty-seven years digging Jim out with their case knives. Tom's answer pleases Huck, and the latter decides that he will look for a couple of case knives.