In the late 19th century, the emergence of a national market economy and rapid industrialization profoundly affected the politics, economy, and class relations of American society. Discuss the different ways workers and farmers attempted to confront the negative consequences of industrialization. Be sure to consider the specific issues or problems that each group wished to address or solve, the organizations and methods each used, and how effective (i.e., successes and failures) they were in doing so. Finally, how did Bellamy in his novel Looking Backward portray the changing nature of labor (workers) evident by the year 2000? Be sure to cite specific events and ideas in your answer. Where should I start this essay? Any suggestions?

While some writing about the Gilded Age or Second Industrial Revolution in the United States emphasize that this period was one of great progress in wealth creation and industrial output, more recent studies have tended to emphasize that many different groups were harmed by these changes. Bellamy's novel and the Populist movement were among the expressions of frustration that industrialization did not benefit everyone equally; income inequality was rising rapidly, and workers and farmers were being exploited. 
If one thinks of the growth of transport systems, for example, one can argue that roads, canals, and railroads were beneficial forms of infrastructure that enabled US economic growth. On the other hand, the railroads were cutthroat monopolies in which a few owners and investors could become wealthy, while indentured or "coolie" laborers, especially the Chinese, lived in extreme poverty and inhumane working situations. The building of railroads also involved the displacement of Native Americans and encroachment on their traditional hunting grounds. Buffalo Bill Cody's slaughter of buffalo was a project to feed railroad workers—and deprive Native Americans of a food supply. Several groups opposed the excesses of railroads. The Populists, especially in Kansas, advocated for railroads being owned and run by the government, arguing that railroad owners overcharged farmers, creating unfair monopolies that made a few railroad owners rich while impoverishing small farmers; for more details see the discussion in the Kansas Historical Quarterly. The People's Party or Populist movement was a major political response by small farmers to exploitation by banks and railroads. 
Another major issue was the treatment of laborers in factories and mines, which often involved low wages and dangerous working conditions. The major responses to this were strikes and unionization, which attempted to use collective bargaining power to offset the wealth and controlling interests of factory owners. There were numerous labor battles in this period.
For Bellamy, the growth of industry could lead to a Utopian socialist future in which increased productivity would lead to shorter working hours, earlier retirement, and a system of public housing and food distribution that would reward workers instead of simply funnelling money into the pockets of a limited number of business owners. Rather than opposing industry, he argued that its growth should be used for the common good. 
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