How did the Watergate scandal affect the reputation of President Nixon?

Simply put, Watergate completely destroyed Nixon's reputation. For many years, political opponents had alluded to his penchant for dirty tricks, but few people thought he would stoop so low as to break the law and violate the Constitution he had sworn to uphold.
Nixon had been reelected in 1972 in a massive landslide victory over his Democratic opponent, George McGovern; he had achieved a notable foreign policy success in establishing good relations with Communist China. Yet, Nixon's paranoia and chronic insecurity meant that he could never feel truly comfortable in his own skin. In particular, he believed that the press were uniformly hostile and out to get him. Even though he had just roundly defeated the Democrats in the race for the White House, he still did not hesitate in authorizing illegal wiretaps to be used against them.
Nixon's reputation was destroyed by Watergate for two main reasons. First, the President had clearly broken the law. The head of state, despite Nixon's loud protestations to the contrary, was a criminal. Secondly, he not only authorized illegal acts against his opponents, he actively tried to cover them up. Nixon's long-standing reputation for dishonesty now began to catch up with him. Even those who had overlooked his duplicitous behavior in the past realized that this was a much more serious and much more dangerous situation.
https://www.history.com/topics/1970s/watergate

How did people in the Neolithic age overcome their challenges?

Neolithic people had to deal with the disappearance of the big game that had been abundant during the palaeolithic period. The animals that they hunted either died out (e.g., mammoths) or migrated north. Large forests emerged where previously there was polar tundra. Accordingly, they had to pay more attention to other sources of food; they responded to this challenge by fishing, designing traps for small game, and especially gathering plants. Following the end of Ice Age, the climate was wet and there were plenty of plants to collect. Later, however, it became drier, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. The Sahara desert expanded during this time.
People in the Middle East had to adjust to the drier climate (from approximately 9,000 B.C.E.) and a growing population; gathering wild plants no longer sufficed to provide a stable supply of food. Therefore they began to plant wild strains of wheat, barley, and other seeds near their settlements. In this way they gradually transitioned to agriculture and animal husbandry, which started with smaller animals such as goats and sheep. In the Middle East, the transition to agriculture began in the Fertile Crescent (corresponding to modern Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt, and coastal Palestine), where there was enough rain to permit agriculture.
Archeologists excavated one such settlement in Abu Hureyra, in modern Syria, where people grew barley, rye, and wheat as early as 8,300 B.C.E.; there is some evidence of rye cultivation much earlier at this same site. Instead of plows, which appeared only after the end of the Neolithic period, Neolithic farmers used hoes; this was more labor-intensive. Women milled grain using large grinding stones, which helped them developed strong muscles but also led to the deformation of bones and caused much suffering. Diseases also increased in Neolithic settlements due to lack of hygiene and the presence of domesticated animals such as sheep (Abu Hureyra) or goats.
Nevertheless, after the Neolithic revolution (the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and animal husbandry), the human population grew much more rapidly because of the abundant supply of food and the presence of more carbohydrates in the diet, which helped women to maintain their pregnancies. Large-scale migrations took place as people from the Middle East moved in search of additional fertile lands, especially along such major rivers as the Danube in Europe. In China people learned to grow rice approximately 10,000 years ago. In Central America, people domesticated maize (from approximately 7,000 years ago), a very productive plant that provided about twice as much food as wheat per square acre.
In the second half of the Neolithic period the Secondary Products revolution began as people learned to grow grapes and olives and transform them into wine and olive oil, raise animals for their milk and use that milk to make cheese, etc. During this period, people also improved their ability to store food with the invention of pottery, initially hand-shaped and then produced with a pottery wheel. Greater productivity and economic diversification during the second half of the Neolithic period allowed for the growth of relatively large settlements with a few thousands inhabitants, such as Catal Huyuk in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). These large settlements are sometimes called neolithic cities. Catal Huyuk thrived because of international trade; it was located near valuable sources of obsidian, a stone that could produce razor-sharp edges for stone tools. Catal Huyuk’s houses stood next to each other and included special ritual buildings with walls covered in frescoes. By the end of the Neolithic period (approximately 3,000 B.C.E.) extensive trade networks had spread across much of Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe. From approximately 4,000 B.C.E., the Nile valley witnessed a rapid growth in human settlements and social differentiation, while parts of Mesopotamia underwent urbanization; these changes marked a gradual transition from pre-historic societies to early civilizations; similar processes were taking place during the same period in the Hindus valley and in parts of Northern China. During this time, the Uruk civilization extended its influence over vast areas of the Middle East from Iran to Palestine. The challenge posed by thousands of people living together in close proximity demanded the emergence of elaborate government and record keeping. This led to early forms of pictographic writing. The newly emerging elite classes started looking for status symbols, such as elaborate jewelry; this, in turn, led to a growth in metalwork, especially with gold, silver and copper.

Calculus of a Single Variable, Chapter 5, 5.8, Section 5.8, Problem 53

Those 1/x under the hyperbolic cosecant and cotangent are irritating, let's change them to more appropriate y. Make the substitution 1/x = y, then x = 1/y and dx = -1/y^2 dy. The integral becomes
-int (cs ch(y) coth(y))/(1/y^2) (dy)/y^2 = -int cs ch(y) coth(y) dy =
|recall that cs ch(y) = 1/sinh(y) and coth(y) = cosh(y)/sinh(y) |
= -int cosh(y)/(sinh^2(y)) dy.
The next substitution is u = sinh(y), then du = cosh(y) dy, and the integral becomes
- int (du)/u^2 = 1/u + C = 1/sinh(y) + C = 1/sinh(1/x) + C = cs ch(1/x) + C,
where C is an arbitrary constant.

Can you guess what time of the day it is when the story opens? Who do you think could be the "we" in the first sentence?

The story doesn't state what time of day it starts. If the question is asking you to literally guess a time of day, then go ahead and pick any time of day and defend it. It's a guess, and most readers are capable of making a guess; however, I do think the opening paragraph steers the guess toward early morning.

He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. He was shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move.

That is the first paragraph of the story, and readers have no idea who "he" or "we" is, but readers can make a fairly educated guess as to the time of day. The big hint is "while we were still in bed." It could be making reference to an afternoon nap, but most people don't take those. It's likely early morning. Whoever is the "we" has slept most of the night and hasn't gotten up yet to start their day. The very early hours of the morning are often the coldest of the night too. This is why "he" would come in shivering and close the windows. He's trying to stay warm.
As for who the "we" is, readers who are parents are likely able to guess that the "we" is a mom and dad. Anecdotally, my own kids have quite regularly woken my wife or me up because of a "tummy ache" or because they are thirsty. Hemingway's opening paragraph to this story could sound mysterious and scary, but after having kids, I recognize the setup as something very normal for a parent.

Discuss the treatment of environmental ethics and the concerns about the impact of negative or harmful human interactions with nature in the poetry of John Clare.

The poetry of John Clare, who was born in England in the late 1700s as the son of a farmer, documents the end of the open fields and grazing lands and the effect of the Enclosure Acts in England. In his early poems, he writes of the majesty of nature and of humans' responsibility to safeguard it. For example, in "The Nightingale's Nest," he writes, "Hush ! let the wood-gate softly clap, for fear/The noise might drive her from her home of love." He creeps up close to the beautiful nightingale but is cautious not to disturb her.
After the Enclosure Acts of the early 1800s, part of the Industrial Revolution, Clare documents the destruction of the rural lands and the destitution of the people who once depended on the commons to graze their flocks. The Enclosure Acts allowed landowners to fence in lands, including lands that were formerly used as commons, for grazing. In his poem "The Mores," he writes that for centuries, "Nor fence of ownership crept in between/ To hide the prospect of the following eye/Its only bondage was the circling sky." In other words, for centuries, there were no fences or limits on people's enjoyment of nature, save the sky. He writes, "Inclosure came and trampled on the grave/ Of labour's rights and left the poor a slave." In other words, enclosure made the poor enslaved and forced them off the land and into cities in search of work. The countryside as Clare knew it was dead, and his works document his concern with humans' harmful effects on nature. 

I need a 2 page essay about George Catlin— his life and work: Give me a summary of George Catlin’s life and career. When was he born? When did he die? Where was he born? Where did he grow up? Did he travel widely? How did he become an artist? (What inspired him? What kind of training did he receive?) How did he become an artist of Native American culture (How did he settle on Native Americans as a subject for his painting?) Do we know anything about Catlin’s attitude toward Native Americans? (i.e. Did he write anything about them? If so— provide a direct quotation to illustrate his feelings toward them.) Where did Catlin travel to observe and paint Native Americans? (Through what modern-day states did he travel during his career of painting?) Did Catlin ever travel around Oklahoma? If so— what year(s) and through which part of the state?

George Catlin was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in 1796 and as a young man, trained as a lawyer. He abandoned the practice of law just three years after passing the bar exam in 1818. There is no evidence to suggest that Catlin received much, if any, formal art training though he had shown an aptitude for drawing from childhood.  He began his painting career as a portraitist and miniaturist but found this kind of work unfulfilling.
Catlin grew up on a farm in New York about forty miles from his Pennsylvania birthplace, often exploring along the Susquehanna, and once, when he was nine years old, he encountered a friendly Oneida man. Catlin's mother and grandmother had been abducted, held, and released without harm by Iroquois in the late 1770's.  When Catlin was living in Philadelphia and painting portraits in the late 1820's, he encountered a delegation of Native Americans on their way to the nation's capital.  It was then that Catlin discovered what would be his life's work; he is quoted as saying "nothing short of the loss of my life, shall prevent me from visiting their country, and of becoming their historian" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/george-catlins-obsession-72840046/).  He called Native American men "lords of the forest" and "Nature's dignitaries." He openly criticized the government and fur traders for their cruelty and exploitation of Native Americans.  Despite his professed respect for Native Americans and zeal to record their humanity before it vanished from America, Catlin is seen by his critics as an invader who exploited his subjects and made a living off their likenesses.  Reactions to his work from the Native Americans he painted was also mixed, though it is thought that his relations with his subjects was more often cordial than otherwise.
Catlin painted Red Jacket, a Seneca, in New York, in 1826 and began his travels west in 1830 on a steamer on the Missouri River. For the next seven years Catlin traveled to and painted nearly 150 Native American nations from the border of what is now North Dakota and Montana to Oklahoma. He is known to have painted in Minnesota, around the Great Lakes, and Florida, as well. 
In 1834, Catlin traveled in what is now southwestern Oklahoma in the company of the Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition, and the works he produced then of Plains Indians in this area are thought to be the first by a white artist.  
Late in his life, after a few years successfully showing his paintings in Europe, Catlin had a difficult time garnering sufficient interest from the US government in acquiring his work. Catlin's persistent financial problems resulted in the loss of many of his paintings to creditors and private collections. During the 1850's he is thought to have traveled extensively in South America, Central America, and the Pacific Northwest, continuing to produce work as in his early career.  
In 1871 Catlin was invited to the Smithsonian where he lived and worked for the next few months as the museum acquired a collection of his paintings.  Catlin's health began to fail, and shortly after joining his daughters in Jersey City, New Jersey, he died in December of 1872.  
 
 
 
https://books.google.com/books?id=IlTbvCs9m78C&pg=PA6&dq=%22lords+of+the+forest%22+george+catlin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj51b3LwY_YAhXDRiYKHX8iCfkQ6AEIKTAA

https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CA073

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/george-catlins-obsession-72840046/

How have Scrooge's supernatural experiences changed him?

To answer this question, take a look at stave 5 of the story, and you'll notice lots of changes. Firstly, Scrooge is excited about Christmas. Instead of saying "bah, humbug," Scrooge is keen to celebrate the day and sends a boy to fetch a goose for dinner.
Secondly, Scrooge is generous, as we see when he gives Bob Cratchit a pay raise. The old Scrooge would never have treated Bob so well and, in fact, was very annoyed that Bob asked to have Christmas day at home.
Thirdly, Scrooge is warmhearted towards his nephew, Fred. Scrooge calls at Fred's house, for example, and asks to have Christmas lunch with him. This compassion also extends to Tiny Tim, to whom Scrooge becomes a "second father." Remember that the old Scrooge actively avoided interactions and relationships with others.
These examples prove, therefore, that Scrooge's character was transformed by his supernatural experiences.