It is important to be wise and smart if one has to survive in the competitive world. Justify this in light of the poem "The Frog and the Nightingale."

The necessity of wisdom and intelligence is depicted by the frog's ability to easily manipulate the nightingale into sacrificing her beautiful art in order to make the frog money while simultaneously harming herself. The frog is portrayed as a competitive, shrewd individual, who takes advantage of the nightingale's unique talent after listening to her beautiful song. The frog seizes the opportunity to make money off of the nightingale by telling her that she must improve her vocal range and perform in front of the entire bog. Instead of recognizing the frog's deceitful nature and ignoring his absurd criticism, the ignorant nightingale begins her arduous training sessions with the frog and performs every night in front of the entire bog. The frog reaps the benefits from the nightingale's performances while she depletes her energy and ruins her voice. Eventually, the nightingale dies of exhaustion, and the frog says,

"But she was a stupid creature—Far too nervous, far too tense.Far too prone to influence.Well, poor bird—she should have knownThat your song must be your own" (Vikram Seth).

Overall, the nightingale's lack of wisdom and intelligence leads to her untimely death. Vikram Seth's poem is essentially a message warning artists not to sacrifice their unique art in order to please shrewd, manipulative critics and promoters.

College Algebra, Chapter 4, 4.4, Section 4.4, Problem 74

Determine the integers that are upper and lower bounds for the real zeros of the polynomial $P(x) = 2x^3 - 3x^2 - 8x + 12$
The possible rational zeros of $P$ are $\displaystyle \pm \frac{1}{2}, \pm 1, \pm \frac{3}{2}, \pm 2, \pm, 3, \pm 4, \pm 6, \pm 12$. By testing these numbers,

We find that $2$ is a root of the polynomial and using long division, we have



So,

$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
2x^3 - 3x^2 - 8x + 12 &= (x - 2)(2x^2 + x - 6) && \text{Factor $2x^2 + x - 6$ using trial and error}\\
\\
2x^3 - 3x^2 - 8x + 12 &= (x - 2)(2x - 3)(x + 2)
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$

Therefore, the real zeros are $\displaystyle 2, \frac{3}{2} \text{ and } -2 \text{ and } -2$ is the lower bound and $2$ is the upper bound for the real zeros of $P$.

Why does Christianity have so many "sub-groups"?

Christianity has been around for roughly two millennia, so there has been ample time for its adherents to argue and disagree on one issue or another. These disagreements have come down to us in the modern era in the form of three branches of Christianity: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant.
During the first few centuries of Christianity, divisions and disagreements amongst followers of what was known as The Way were far less formal. Some of the very earliest arguments were even written down and can be found within the letters of Saint Paul in the New Testament. But others came later on, and were eventually decided before the church councils of the late Roman Empire. Once Christianity was decriminalised and subsequently became a state religion under Emperor Constantine in the early fourth century, the power of religion was fused with the power of empire. Disagreements were solved more formally through these councils, the most famous of them being the Council of Nicaea in 325. This meeting of bishops from across the Roman Empire created the Nicene Creed, which is recited to this day in most Catholic, Anglican, Episcopalian, and other “high church” congregations. The creed lays out the basic tenets of the life of Jesus Christ and the Christian faith.
Until the mid-eleventh century, the Christian church was a singular unit with bishops spread all throughout the empire. The bishop of Rome was considered a “first among equals.” This was because tradition held that the Apostle Peter had been the first bishop of Rome, and Peter was the first of the twelve apostles, their leader who had been given the “keys to the kingdom of heaven” by Jesus himself in the Gospels. But in 1054, the Church of Rome was split from the Eastern churches over what has come to be known as the “filioque clause.” Filioque is Latin for “and the Son.” Part of the Nicene Creed states that the Holy Spirit “proceeds from the Father.” The Roman church later added the phrase filioque to say that the Holy Spirit “proceeds from the Father and the Son,” thus changing the meaning slightly without the agreement of the Eastern bishops. The Eastern Christian leaders thought that this diminished the equal status of the Holy Spirit, and also felt that this was the worst of a string of instances where the bishop of Rome misused his authority over them. In 1054, the Eastern churches formally broke with the Roman church, thus creating the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. To this day, Western Roman Catholics include the translation of filioque in their recitations of the Nicene Creed, whereas Orthodox Christians do not.
Roughly 500 years later, Martin Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation with his outrage over doctrinal heresies and hierarchal abuses within the Catholic Church. Apart from his 95 Theses, there were two main beliefs that Martin Luther introduced, or at least resuscitated, during his reforming of the Christian faith. The first is known as sola scriptura, which is Latin for only Scripture. Whereas the Catholic Church of the era put just as much emphasis on tradition and the authority of popes, bishops, and priests, Protestant Christianity largely did away with tradition in favour of a strong emphasis on truth from the Bible, and only the Bible. This is the main reason Protestant Christians do not believe in traditional Catholic doctrines such as the Assumption of Mary, the Immaculate Conception, and transubstantiation (the belief that the wine and bread of the Eucharist become the literal blood and body of Christ). Paintings, statues, and images of Christ, Mary, and the saints were done away with as idolatrous and even blasphemous by the stricter Protestant sects. If a doctrine or teaching was not clearly in the Bible, then Protestant Christians were far less likely to believe in it. The second of Martin Luther’s beliefs is known as sola fide, which is Latin for only faith. The Catholic Church taught that salvation was earned through both faith and good works, but Martin Luther believed that good works were not essential to salvation. Faith was all that was asked and required to earn a place in heaven. This teaching has come down to modern Protestants in the form of the “Sinner’s Prayer.” Most Protestant Christians believe that if a person genuinely recites this prayer, then they will become a born-again Christian and will go to heaven when they die, regardless of what good or evil deeds they might do throughout their life.
Beyond the main Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant branches, there are further divisions within each. The Eastern Orthodox Churches tend to be split up by language and nationality, so there are Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and so on. They are the same church, just not quite as unified as their Roman Catholic brethren. The Roman Catholic Church is also divided, but their offshoots are less common, especially in the United States. There are 23 churches, usually referred to as Eastern Catholic, Oriental Catholic, or Eastern-rite Catholic churches, that have realigned with the Holy See, so they are Catholic, but not technically Roman. This means that some Catholic priests can marry and have children, but they must be from one of these Eastern-rite churches and have married before they took their vows. The Protestant Church has the most divisions of any of the three branches. The main divisions within Protestantism aren’t actually the denominations, but rather types of belief systems. The main ones are mainline, evangelical, pentecostal, and fundamentalist. Within those groups, there are thousands of denominations, as well as overlaps amongst them. The mainline denominations are the most traditional, so they would include Anglican/Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Methodist. Pentecostals believe in a “baptism of the Holy Spirit” and put a lot of emphasis on speaking in tongues and other “gifts of the spirit.” One of the largest pentecostal denominations worldwide is the Assembly of God. Evangelical is probably the most common subset of Protestantism within the United States, and there are thousands of denominations, even the non-denominational denomination. Evangelical Protestants believe in personal salvation through Jesus Christ, the Bible as God’s inspired Word, and seek to convert as many people as possible to their faith. Fundamentalist Protestantism holds to these tenets as well, but they also believe in the complete and factual inerrancy of the Bible, discount the findings of modern science, and believe in a literal End Times as described in the Book of Revelation. There can be a lot of overlap between these divisions, especially amongst evangelicals, fundamentalists, and pentecostals. In the United States, it really depends on the region of the country, how rural or urban the area, and the age of its congregants.

The Christian religion has always had internal divisions, as different members of the religion interpret Christ's teachings in different ways. The early Christian church was riven with disputes about the nature of Christ, God, the soul, and what man's duty on earth should be. As power and influence were consolidated in the papacy, various ecumenical councils were convened by the church to debate and settle points of doctrine. Those who disagreed with the councils' decisions were effectively in contempt of the Pope, and often considered heretical. There were dozens of "heresies" in the first thousand years of Christianity, some of which had a sufficient following to pose a threat to the centralized church. The central church went to great lengths to stamp out these heretical branches of the faith, up to and including mass executions, and over time, the church's power became firmly and formally entrenched.
The early church was based in Rome, and as the Roman Empire declined and the Byzantine Empire took its place, Christianity began to split along geographical lines. The "East-West Schism" of 1054 marked the formal parting of ways between what was now called "Roman" Catholicism and the Eastern Orthodox church. The Roman Catholic church was now the center of Christian power and doctrine in the West, and maintained that position for a few centuries.
Despite holding the reins of power, the Roman Catholic church was still subject to internal dissent, and the history of early Protestantism is one of Catholics attempting to reform Catholicism from within. This movement, which became known as The Reformation, coincided with the invention and spread of the printing press, which allowed mass distribution of the written word to the literate public. The early Protestant groups were intent on getting the Bible translated into "vulgate," that is, the ordinary language of each country, so that ordinary people (the "laity", as opposed to the clerics) could read and understand the word of God. Allowing people to read the Bible without having it filtered through the Catholic clergy resulted in a breakdown of the authority of the Catholic church, accelerated by the historic and cultural pressures across Europe in the sixteenth-century. Martin Luther's famous Ninety-Five Theses called for a complete overhaul of the Catholic church. Many other prominent thinkers agreed with him, and their ideas spread rapidly across the continent. In this context, King Henry VIII of England made his monumental decision to break away from the Catholic church and name himself the head of the Church of England. An entire country had divorced itself from Catholicism, and other countries followed suit. It was a time of tremendous religious energy and upheaval. All ideas were on the table again, the decisions of the ancient ecumenical councils were discarded and the concepts were once more fresh for debate.
A key tenet of Protestantism is "sola scriptura," which holds that Scripture is the ultimate authority, since it is the word of God, and no church can interpose itself between the faithful and the Lord. While this concept was essential in breaking the Catholic church's stranglehold on European religious thought, it contained within it the seeds of dissension that came to characterize Protestantism as a whole. There is no central Protestant authority, and the Bible is the sole source of truth, so any self-declared arbiter can interpret the Bible in whatever way they see fit. If sufficient people agree with their interpretation, they break away from their current group and form their own denomination of Christianity. This resulted in split after split after split, in a chain reaction that continues to this day.

According to your reading in Literary Criticism, Bressler notes that “Marx believed that the history of a people is directly based on the production of goods and the social relationships that develop from this situation” (169). Why is Shevek surprised by the Urrasti economic system given its base and his Marxist views? What facets of the Urrasti superstructure reinforce the hegemony of the Urrasti social system?

In Marxist theory, the economic base consists of the relationship between the producers and the laborers (essentially the employer-employee relationship). The superstructure, on the other hand, consists of the society's culture and governmental power players. Depending on which Marxist perspective we look at, the economic base can influence the superstructure and vice versa.
In Le Guin's novel, despite his Marxist Anarresti views, Shevek is still shocked by the Urrasti economic system. Essentially, in Urras, the power players or ruling elite exist in a world wholly separate from that inhabited by the working classes. The working classes are the dispossessed; their talents are used and exploited by the producers for material gain. Because society is so stratified on Urras, individual citizens often experience alienation within their own culture. On the other hand, in Anarres, citizens co-exist on an egalitarian basis; the practice of mutual reliance and tolerance (at least on the surface) largely powers Anarresti existence on a daily basis.
For his part, Shevek is shocked by the sterilized detachment that characterizes the Urrasti economic system. In Anarres, the practice of interdependence fosters an atmosphere of camaraderie and trust. However, in Urras, Shevek learns that he must keep to himself and learn to distrust those around him. Interestingly, alienated as he is by the culture of "human solidarity" and "mutual aid" in Anarres, Shevek finds himself equally alienated from a culture that trusts no one (as is the case in Urras). Despite his own predilections and inclinations, Shevek finds it difficult to accept the degree of mutual aggression and detachment needed to thrive in a competitive society like Urras.
Meanwhile, the Urrasti superstructure reinforces its hegemony by supporting and maintaining the divide between the producers and the working classes. The power players in the economic sphere are essentially the buyers and the sellers. Shevek notes that the workers who produce the items are systematically erased from public consideration:

The strangest thing about the nightmare street was that none of the millions of things for sale were made there. They were only sold there. Where were the workshops, the factories, where were the farmers, the craftsmen, the miners, the weavers, the chemists, the carvers, the dyers, the designers, the machinists, where were the hands, the people who made? Out of sight, somewhere else. Behind walls. All the people in all the shops were either buyers or sellers. They had no relation to the things but that of possession.

The people he sees on the streets demonstrate disturbing attitudes of impatience and angst. The main concern of everyone seems to be to earn enough to maintain life at subsistence levels. Shevek finds it difficult to accept the surface pleasantries "propertarians" subject their customers to during the course of commercial business; it seems obnoxiously hypocritical to him. He wonders how polite an Urrasti shopkeeper would have been "if he had come in as an Anarresti came in to a goods depository: to take what he wanted, nod to the registrar, and walk out."
Essentially, the superstructure is able to maintain its relevance and hegemonic influence through maintaining its ruling elite's elevated social status as well as reinforcing consuming distrust and latent animosity among its working populace (the dispossessed). With their consuming interest being the need to survive, the working populace has little interest in confronting the superstructure that presides over them.
 

How have we progressed since the Civil War?

The Civil War was based upon strong ideological and political differences during the 19th century. Abraham Lincoln was the Republican president that led the way to changing America. 

Lincoln [became] the first Republican president and his election led to Southern secession and the Civil War. A shrewd politician, Lincoln managed to lead the North to victory and laid the foundation for the abolition of slavery...

The conflict was the worst ever fought on American soil, pitting state against state, as well as family members against their relations. 
The dissolution of slavery, a highly important wartime goal for many Northern states, was opposed violently by the South, which depended almost exclusively upon slaves to support their financial prosperity.
By the war's end, the casualty count was high (dead were approximately 620,000 soldiers, two percent of US population in 1861), and a great many properties in the South were left in ruins, as was the Southern economy.

...in late 1700s, the states south of the Mason-Dixon line would begin arguing for the perpetuation of slavery in the new United States while those north of line hoped to phase out the ownership of human chattel.

The anger and hatred many felt below the Mason-Dixon line lingered well into the 20th century, and according to several authors such as Tony Horwitz in his book Confederates in the Attic, it still exists in some places today.
The end of the Civil War—and specifically the surrender of the South—changed the trajectory of the US. It is estimated by some that the United States would never have been able to rise up "as the world's largest economy and foremost democracy by the late 19th century" if the South had not been defeated.

The institutions and ideology of a plantation society and a slave system that had dominated half of the country before 1861 went down with a great crash in 1865 and were replaced by the institutions and ideology of free-labor entrepreneurial capitalism. For better or worse, the flames of the Civil War forged the framework of modern America.

The Civil War brought about changes that are still recognizable today.
Slavery was ended with the ratification of the 13th Amendment. In places throughout the country, especially in the South, struggles in the early part of the 20th Century through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, brought about change for African-Americans fighting for equality on every level of American society. Such strides in diversification altered education, employment, politics, etc.
Many cities in the modern day have moved away from (for example) the failing coal or steel industries that once dominated those places. The adoption of new plans for diversified industry have allowed Americans to remain. For example, Pittsburgh, PA, once dependent upon outdated forms of industry, has adapted and excelled in new industries (e.g., solar and wind power). Such was also the case with the South after the war. Without the ability to rely on slave labor, economic diversification was required for the region to recover, survive, and thrive.
Perhaps it is would be prudent to add that battles between segments of the country are generally no longer fought on the ground, but in the government. While families may be split by political opinions or biases, the struggle is no longer one of carnage and bloodshed. That is not to say that everything is perfect now: in some ways, the battle continues. And the American people search for answers to problems that many believe may still remain from the time of the US Civil War.
 
Additional Sources:
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mason-and-dixon-draw-a-line
https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/spring/newnation.html
http://www.post-gazette.com/local/region/2017/06/01/Politicians-political-reporters-react-Trump-Pittsburgh-Paris-Accord/stories/201706010203
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/introduction.html

What is the theme of "The Necklace"?

One possible theme of "The Necklace" can be the idea of being unhappy with what you have. Madame Loisel is unhappy with her lot in life. Feeling as if she is "born for every delicacy and luxury," Madame Loisel "suffers" from a lack of what she feels she is entitled to. She longs for jewelry and beautiful clothes, for "these were the only things she loved."
Madame Loisel's unhappiness and sense of entitlement become apparent when her husband comes home with an invitation to a fancy affair. Instead of being excited and happy, she tosses the invitation aside. She complains that she has nothing to wear, so he suggests that she spend some money on a dress. Once she purchases the dress, she complains because she doesn't have suitable jewelry. Taking her husband's suggestion to borrow a necklace, she does just that. However, after returning home and realizing she has lost the necklace, her life changes. If she had been happy with what she had, she would not be in the predicament she finds herself in near the end of the story.

How does the elephant die?

In this story, the elephant dies as a result of being shot by the narrator, with a .44 Winchester rifle.
You'll notice from the text that the elephant does not die after the first shot. In fact, Orwell shoots the elephant twice, and neither of these cartridges does enough damage to kill it. While the elephant is clearly in "agony," it takes a third shot to bring the elephant crashing down to the ground. The force of this fall is so great that it shakes the ground beneath the narrator's feet.
The elephant, however, is still not dead. Once it is down on the ground, Orwell fires his remaining two cartridges, finally ending the animal's life.
You'll also notice that Orwell takes no pleasure in shooting the elephant. He kills it only to avoid being publicly humiliated by the native Burmese.

How many heart chambers does a hippopotamus have?

A hippopotamus is a mammal; therefore, the heart of a hippopotamus is a four-chambered mammalian heart. A four-chambered heart is an incredibly efficient and well-designed heart because it prevents oxygen-rich blood from mixing with oxygen-poor blood. The heart is divided into a left and right side. The right side of the heart will contain oxygen-poor blood that is returning to the heart from various places in the body. The left side of the heart will pump oxygen-rich blood out to the various parts of the body.
Besides being divided into a left and right side, a mammal's heart also contains top chambers and bottom chambers. The top chambers are called atria and the bottom chambers are called ventricles. This gives the heart four total chambers. It has a right atrium, a right ventricle, a left atrium, and a left ventricle. Blood will flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. From here, it will be pumped out of the heart to the lungs. The lungs will exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, and the blood will return to the left atrium of the heart. The blood will then be pumped down into the left ventricle. From there, the blood will be pumped out of the heart to the body, and the process will start all over again once the blood returns to the right atrium.
https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=115520

The simple answer: 4 chambers (2 atria [plural form of atrium] and 2 ventricles)

The complex answer: A hippopotamus is a mammal, and all mammals have four chambered hearts. The 2 atria receive blood, which in turn push blood to the ventricles, which ultimately pump blood away from the heart.
Each ventricle is thicker and more muscular than each atrium as these are the parts of the hear that must apply the force to pump blood throughout the body.
The right atrium receives oxygen-deficient blood from the veins of the mammal body. This blood is then moved to the right ventricle where it is forcefully pumped to the lungs to be replenished with oxygen. This oxygen-rich blood from the lungs is then moved into the left atrium, which then moves the blood to the left ventricle. The left ventricle then forcefully pumps blood through arteries, away from the heart, and throughout the body to distribute oxygen to the needy body parts (muscles, brain, etc.). This continuous cycle then starts over again as this oxygen-deficient blood is returned to the right atrium.
The four chambered heart is considered very efficient because the oxygen-rich and oxygen-deficient blood is not mixed (hearts with 3 chambers mix the two blood types). This keeps the blood being pumped to the body as oxygen-rich as possible.

What was important about the Oratorian Movement?

The Oratorian Movement began around the late fifteenth or early sixteenth century, as part of the Catholic Reformation. Generally, the movement is dated in the early sixteenth century because St. Philip Neri, a Florentine who organized the movement in Rome, is credited as its founder. However, some believe that St. Philip was influenced by the ideas of St. Catherine of Genoa, a member of the powerful Guelph family who turned her life over to charitable service after a mystical experience.
For those who believe that Catherine's ideas were instrumental in St. Philip's organization of the oratory, it is significant that this order of the Catholic Church was founded on the ideas of a woman.
Catherine had been a devout follower of St. Augustine's writings since girlhood. Her ideas were rooted not only in spiritual development, but also in more secular values, such as education and charity for the poor and sick.
St. Philip's ideas of how to reform the Church were more specific to the institution and to religious doctrine. Like Martin Luther, he wanted the Scriptures to be more accessible to the laity. As a result, in his prayer group, he read Scripture in the vernacular, or common language, instead of Latin. Unlike Martin Luther, he was less concerned with structural and political reform and was more concerned with the inner transformation of Catholics. Conversion was dependent, in his view, on returning to the simplicity of the Gospels and a communal approach to worship.
Given the standing of the Catholic Church at the time, the Oratorian Movement was very important. It sought to reorient people to true Christian values of charity, asceticism, and community.
It is possible, too, that the Oratorian Movement, along with other reformist orders, was instrumental in ending corrupt church practices, such as simony. Simony was the practice of buying church offices. The Catholic Church had allowed this since the ninth century, but the practice dwindled after the sixteenth century due to the secularization of church property. The purchase of indulgences was another common practice that disappeared with reform. In exchange for money, people were partially or fully forgiven for their sins. The sale of indulgences, which had been particularly offensive to Martin Luther, was abolished by Pope Pius V in 1567.
The Oratorian Movement, like the Jesuit Movement, restored interest in classical education. However, the Oratorians wanted to establish educational institutions based on the classical curriculum throughout Europe and wished to make the institutions accessible to all who wanted to learn.
The Oratorians sought to use the resources of the Catholic Church to create a more egalitarian society in which everyone would receive the care they needed. They also encouraged the personal relationship with God that Martin Luther had advocated for.
http://brooklynoratory.org/the-oratorian-charism-2/

https://archive.schillerinstitute.com/fidelio_archive/1995/fidv04n02-1995Su/fidv04n02-1995Su_031-appendix_the_oratorian_movement.pdf

What is the significance of Othello's race in Othello by William Shakespeare?

Race is central to the plot of Othello in several ways, both some that make the play distinctly of its period and some that make the play appear modern. It is important for readers to keep both in mind simultaneously, rather trying to read the play as a modern civil rights or post-colonial narrative.
Othello is a Moor. What that means is somewhat ambiguous. One common use of the term would have been to refer to Arabs in North Africa and Spain. It might also apply to people from sub-Saharan Africa, but that usage is somewhat less common. Moorish people in the sense of Arabs were well known in Europe, with a Moorish community actually present in London in Shakespeare's lifetime, and thus the likely referent.
Most literature in Shakespeare's period accepted the notion that different ethnic groups had different types of character, with Northern (white) Europeans being rational, self-controlled, and highly civilized but people (with darker skins) from warmer climates being more passionate by nature. Thus race is significant in that the original audience would have been (by twenty-first century standards) racist and assumed that under Othello's civilized and admirable character lurked his racial character of intense pride, jealousy, passion, and a tendency to be emotionally volatile rather than rational.
The next aspect of race in the play is the racism that compounds Iago's jealousy and makes Brabantio prejudiced against Othello as a possible husband for Desdemona, despite Othello's career success and the couple's love for each other. Othello encounters racial prejudice in several contexts in the play, overcoming prejudice through his military skill and noble character.

Othello's status as a black man in a white man's world is of vital importance to the plot of Shakespeare's Othello. In defiance of stereotypical and racist assumptions about the black community during Shakespeare's day, Othello is a dignified, honorable man who enjoys considerable power and influence. Moreover, Othello proves himself to be an eloquent and gifted speaker, as he consistently employs sophisticated rhetoric when communicating with his peers. Clearly, Othello deconstructs the racist stereotypes that characterize black individuals as dangerous or uncivilized beings. The fact that he does so invokes the hatred of those white individuals unwilling to accept a black man with intelligence, power, nobility, and dignity. For example, though Iago seeks revenge because he wants the promotion Othello gives to Cassio, we can assume there's a racist subtext underlying this primary motive. Indeed, it's possible to see Iago's plot as the racist effort to oppress a black man who has attained power in a white society. As such, we can see that Othello's race is vitally significant to the play's plot. 

Explore and discuss these two themes—duty and loss—from Remains of the Day. Explain what each theme is and how each one relates to the overall plot of the book.

Most of Stevens's life has been (and in the case of his father, were) dedicated to service and duty. Stevens has spent his years serving Lord Darlington and, later, the American Mr. Farraday, but he has done little to nothing about serving his own needs—either emotional or ethical. He says of his father, who was also in service as a butler:

Yet so well did my father hide his feelings, so professionally did he carry out his duties, that on his departure the General had actually complimented Mr. John Silvers on the excellence of his butler and had left an unusually large tip in appreciation (page 42).

His father wound up giving this tip to charity because he felt as though it was his duty to be an excellent butler and that he did not deserve any extra money or recognition for it. Stevens resembles his father, and he also feels committed to his employers, even though he gives up any personal life or commitment to Miss Kenton in the process. Stevens also overlooks Lord Darlington's Nazi sympathies because he feels that it is his duty to do so. Therefore, he ignores his own emotional and ethical needs in the process of carrying out his duties.
As a result, Stevens suffers the loss of his chance at happiness. At the end of the novel, he does not have much life left to him, as he has spent it serving others. He has suffered the loss of his father and the loss of his chance at love with Miss Kenton. One of the overall points of the novel is that the Britain of faithful servants and absolute truths has faded. This theme is related to the ideas of loss and duty. Once Britain emerges from World War II, it is no longer popular to serve one's master and be as faithful and dutiful as Stevens has been. The entire prewar world has been lost to time.

How would you describe Eddie's neighborhood in Buried Onions by Gary Soto?

In the novel, Eddie lives in a poor Mexican-American neighborhood in Southeast Fresno, California.
The neighborhood is surrounded by sagging fences and poorly painted houses. The general atmosphere is one of poverty, neglect, and privation. Eddie relates that the "poor, ignorant, unemployable people" hang their laundry out in the open. Meanwhile, old men sit on porches fanning themselves, young Mexican men with no jobs work on their cars, and young mothers carry on conversations as they rock their babies' strollers back and forth. The babies are always fussy, and their mothers never seem to be able to sooth them.
Eddie contends that there's very little to live for in his impoverished neighborhood. His own apartment is sparsely furnished and cheaply decorated. Even his mail slot is rusty and leaves reddish stains on his fingers when he checks for mail.
Eddie maintains that he must be careful as he goes about his way in his neighborhood. Ferocity is a celebrated trait on the streets of his neighborhood, and many young men like himself live under the shadows of gang-inspired violence. The local playground itself is a haunt for various gangster groups. So, in all, Eddie's neighborhood is an impoverished one; many get by with subsistence-level income, and there is little hope for advancement.

Beginning Algebra With Applications, Chapter 6, Test, Section Test, Problem 10

Solve by substitution: $
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

3x - 5y =& 13 \\
x+3y =& 1

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

x+3y =& 1
&& \text{Solve equation 2 for $x$}
\\
x =& 1-3y
&&
\\
3x-5y =& 13
&& \text{Substitute $1-3y$ for $x$ in equation 1}
\\
3(1-3y)-5y =& 13
&& \text{Solve for } y
\\
3-9y - 5y =& 13
&&
\\
-14y =& 10
&&
\\
y =& \frac{-10}{14}
&&
\\
\
y =& \frac{-5}{7}
&&

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


Substitute the value of $y$ in equation 2


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

x =& 1-3 \left( \frac{-5}{7} \right)
\\
\\
x =& 1 + \frac{15}{7}
\\
\\
x =& \frac{22}{7}


\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$



The solution is $\displaystyle \left( \frac{22}{7}, \frac{-5}{7} \right)$.

What is the summary of chapter 2 in The Oz Principle?

Courage: Individuals and organizations need the courage to face frequent and regular feedback from others in order to recognize behaviors that keep them below the success/failure line (as outlined in Chapter 1). Feedback enables them to take control, address said behavior,  and overcome challenges and obstacles in order to improve. The input of external and impartial parties will allow for a more balanced perception of reality. The more diverse the perspectives sought the better to identify, address and overcome areas for improvement (which keep them below the line). This is framed as accountability.
Heart: Feeling victimized will keep individuals and organizations below the line; as an individual dealing with this, you should identify a situation in which you currently feel victimized. In relation to that situation you should self-assess by listing facts that describe the reasons you feel victimized in such a way that will persuade others of your victim status. Many people will omit their own role (accountable facts) in creating the circumstances in which they then feel victimized. Upon completing the list, you should attempt to focus instead on accountable facts, that is, acknowledge your contributing role. The reader is guided through overcoming this victim cycle in order to find the courage (i.e., heart) to own their circumstances. By accepting the ways in which we create our own circumstances, we can set about overcoming them.
Brains: Finally, in order to overcome your circumstances and move above the line, you must constantly anticipate and identify them and then act with wisdom. The required attitude and behavior can be encouraged by frequent self-reflection in the form of the question “what else can I do?” and then acting upon the outcome. By diligently and persistently addressing this question in thought and action, the individual or organization can move above the line.

Your basketball team has been playing twice a week since late October. It is now the winter holidays and you have some time off. Instead of resting, you practice frequently so that your skills are sharp when the season starts in January. What is a situation in the American Revolution similar to this one?

The Americans taking up winter quarters at Valley Forge is similar in the sense that they were drilled in European-style tactics by the Prussian Frederic von Steuben and emerged a better army in the spring of 1778. The time before Valley Forge was bleak, as the Americans had lost Philadelphia to the British and many in Congress wanted Washington fired. At Valley Forge, the men waited in huts and were at the mercy of a government unable to supply the men with adequate food or clothes.  
The analogy of your situation as a basketball player and the men at Valley Forge falls short. While you may get better during your break and may even receive extra coaching, hopefully you are not starving. The metaphor of Valley Forge has long been used by sports teams who are going through a tough time, but it is important to remember that right before the colonists went into winter quarters, the situation for America did indeed look hopeless.  

What event marks the beginning of the modern world? The Renaissance? The Enlightenment? Or the French Revolution? Why?

The term "modern" is an arbitrary designation often used to demarcate periods in European history. It does not have an absolute meaning in terms of there being some fixed date at which the world became modern; it is used as a matter of convenience, allowing scholars to divide up books and teachers to organize courses in manageable segments, as it is very difficult to try to understand and study all of history as one undifferentiated mass. Although certain well-known events are used as convenient signposts to delimit periods, they should not be taken as anything more than aids to remembering the shape of historical events rather than as somehow the causes of change, which tend to be complex and in reality occur gradually over extended periods.
The term "modern" derives from the Latin "modernus" meaning "recent," which passed into French as "moderne" and thence into English as "modern." The notion of "modern" as a term meaning specifically the distinctive characteristics of contemporary life first occurs in the sixteenth century. The term "early modern" is often used to designate the period from the Renaissance to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and the term "modern" is used to designate the period from the Industrial Revolution through the present.
For specific events, scholars differ in choosing landmarks. The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 is one possibility, as it is marks the end to the Byzantine Empire. Columbus's voyage to America, Luther's theses, Henry VIII's declaration of independence from Rome, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press, and Copernicus's heliocentric model are also important and occur during the period that most scholars identify as the transition from medieval to early modern.
The Industrial Revolution is generally described as part of the transition from the early modern to the modern period. The French and American Revolutions are both slightly later than the Enlightenment and beginning of the Industrial Revolution but all are part of a combination of ideas and events that gradually transformed Europe and North America.

Arguably, the Renaissance was the precursor for the events that you mention, in addition to the Protestant Reformation. Therefore, we could say that the Renaissance marks the beginning of modernity.
The Renaissance, culturally, is characterized by the emergence of humanism -- that is, a current of thought that places Man, or humanity, at the center, eschewing the supernatural as well as the supreme influence of the Church. Whereas Christianity taught us that human beings are innately sinful, humanists put forth the idea that we are inherently good and decent and that rational thought -- not salvation -- would provide the solution to our problems.
The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" in French, elevated Classical ideals of beauty and touted the importance of education. Literature did not go away during the Middle Ages -- stories were, in fact, very important to courtly life and, during the early 14th-century, "The Canterbury Tales" became the first Romance that was accessible to middle-class audiences. However, literacy became more widespread during the Renaissance after the invention of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press around 1440. (Note: There is Western bias here. The earliest document printed by movable type is the Jikji, an anthology of Zen teachings, printed in 1377. This evidence shows that the first printing press was, in fact, invented in Korea. However, the Korean press was rudimentary. Gutenberg's press was more technologically advanced, employing a matrix and hand mold, allowing for simpler and faster production).
Politically, more modern ideas of leadership also emerged. Niccolo Macchiavelli's "The Prince" encouraged the idea that a savvy political leader would prefer to be feared over being loved. He used the powerful Medici family as his model. In England, during the latter part of the Renaissance in the mid-16th century, Henry VIII appropriated the Protestant Reformation for his own selfish purposes and disavowed Catholicism, thereby declaring himself head of the Church of England, which led to the creation of Anglicanism.
Thus, the Renaissance is key to the emergence of modernity for three reasons: firstly, its daring proposition that faith in humanity is more important than faith in God; secondly, the invention of Gutenberg's printing press, which made it easier to share and spread information; thirdly, its dismantling of the supreme power of the Catholic Church in favor of a form of Christian faith which encouraged a more direct communication with God and personal access to Scripture.
These three events were revolutionary and, without them, the Enlightenment, which further questioned the infallibility of the Church and relied very much on print to spread ideas, would not have happened. Nor would the Scientific Revolution which preceded it. Finally, it was Enlightenment ideas which contributed to both the American and French Revolutions. One could, thus, view modernity as a time line which begins with the Renaissance and continues to our present day.

College Algebra, Chapter 5, 5.4, Section 5.4, Problem 84

Michael is driving a car in a cold winter day with a temperature of 20 degree F and the engine of the car will overheat at about 220 degree F and if the car is parked the engine will cool down. Suppose that the equation $ln \left( \frac{T-20}{200} \right) = -0.11t$ where $T$ is the temperature of the engine and $t$ is the minutes after you park.

a.) Solve the equation for $T$.

b.) Determine the temperature of the engine after 20 min (t = 20) by using your answer in part(a).



a.)


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

\ln \left( \frac{T - 20}{200} \right) =& -0.11 t
\\
\\
e^{\ln \left( \frac{T - 20}{200} \right)} =& e^{-0.11 t}
\\
\\
\frac{T - 20}{200} =& e^{-0.11 t}
\\
\\
T - 20 =& 200 e^{-0.11 t}
\\
\\
T =& 20 + 200 e^{-0.11 t}

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$



b.) if $t = 20 $ mins, then


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

T =& 20 + 200 e^{-0.11(20)}
\\
\\
T =& 42.16^{\circ} F

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$

y=x^3/2 , y=0 , x=3 Use the shell method to set up and evaluate the integral that gives the volume of the solid generated by revolving the plane region about the y-axis.

To be able to use the shell method, a rectangular strip from the bounded plane region should be parallel to the axis of revolution. By revolving multiple rectangular strip, it forms infinite numbers of these hollow pipes or representative cylinders.
 In this method, we follow the formula: V = int_a^b (length * height * thickness)
or V = int_a^b 2pi * radius*height*thickness
where:
radius (r)= distance of the rectangular strip to the axis of revolution
height (h) = length of the rectangular strip
thickness = width  of the rectangular strip  as dx or dy .
For the bounded region, as shown on the attached image, the rectangular strip is parallel to y-axis (axis of rotation). We can let:
r=x
h=f(x) or h=y_(above)-y_(below)
h= x^3/2-0 =x^3/2
thickness = dx
 Boundary values of x from a=0 to b =3 .
Plug-in the values on V = int_a^b 2pi * radius*height*thickness, we get:
V = int_0^3 2pi*x*(x^3/2)*dx
Simplify: V = int_0^3 pi*x*(x^3)dx
Apply Law of Exponent: x^n*x^m = x^((n+m)).
V = int_0^3 pi*x*(x^3)dx
V = int_0^3 pi(x^4)dx
Apply basic integration property: intc*f(x) dx = c int f(x) dx and Power rule for integration formula : int x^n dx =x^(n+1)/(n+1) .
V = int_0^3 pi(x^4)dx
  = pi* int_0^3 (x^4)dx
  = pi*x^((4+1))/((4+1))|_0^3
    =(pix^5)/5|_0^3
Apply the definite integral formula: int _a^b f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a) .
V =(pi(3)^5)/5 -(pi(0)^5)/5
V = (243pi)/5 -0
V =(243pi)/5 or 152.68 (approximated value)
 

Why is Brown's new bride "Faith" aptly named, according to the narrator?

Faith in a Christian God is central to the worldview of the eponymous Young Goodman Brown. With that faith comes an emphasis on virtue and piety, which are mentioned in this story and feature heavily in Hawthorne's work. Brown sees Faith, his wife, as embodying these qualities. She also serves as his inspiration to resist the devil in favor of God. For these reasons, Faith is aptly named.
Brown addresses his wife as "dearest heart" before he departs, suggests she would die at the thought of his transgression, and believes he will "cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven." How Brown views his wife comes into focus early in the story, and it is easy to see why he has faith in her.
Faith functions as more of an idea than person in this story. Each time Brown is explicitly tempted, he cites Faith as his reason for resistance. At the first such occurrence, he won't even entertain the notion:

"Well, then, to end the matter at once," said Goodman Brown, considerably nettled, "there is my wife, Faith. It would break her dear little heart; and I'd rather break my own!"

His responses follow suit when he is subsequently tempted. This explains his devastation when he believes he sees Faith at the devilish convert ceremony, as well as why he views her differently afterward. The role of faith and belief in the story as it pertains to the protagonist and his wife, Faith, is why she is so aptly named.

Brown's wife Faith, at the beginning of the story, poignantly asks him to stay with her. Though she does not know that he is on a quest to explore the nature of evil, she senses that some kind of destruction will occur as a result of whatever Brown is about to do.
Usually Hawthorne's symbolism in the use of names is a bit more subtle than it is here. However, Goodman Brown's wife Faith represents not only religious faith, but faith in the underlying goodness of man, which Brown loses after his encounter with the mysterious stranger. The stranger reveals things about mankind that Brown had scarcely guessed at before, such as the persecutions Brown's father and grandfather had carried out against the indigenous Americans and others. Brown's fate is determined by his overreaction to his new awareness of evil. He ends up rejecting all of humanity, including his wife Faith. The whole "message" of Hawthorne is that extremism, fanaticism of any kind, is wrong and that those who reject people because of alleged or real imperfections (as Brown does) are losing their "faith" and thereby destroying themselves.

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story "Young Goodman Brown," the narrator refers to Goodman Brown’s wife as "aptly named." The reason that she is “aptly named” is because she is both allegorically and ironically named.
When the story begins, Goodman Brown is leaving his wife for a nighttime errand: meeting the devil in the woods. Goodman Brown repeatedly announces that he is ready to return home to his wife Faith, but the devil insists he continue on, deeper and deeper into the woods. Hawthorne’s use of allegory is not particularly subtle: Faith is what allows Goodman Brown to resist the devil.
The irony is that as they travel deeper and deeper into the woods, Goodman Brown believes he hears Faith and finds her pink ribbon on the ground:

“My Faith is gone!” cried he, after one stupefied moment. “There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given.”

Hawthorne’s apt—and allegorical—naming is on full display here, and it’s clear to see how one could substitute a lower-case "f" for the capital one with which her name begins. It is fitting that Faith and Goodman Brown appear together “on the verge of wickedness”; if she falls, then he is, of course, without faith. 

How do I create a research question about Harriet Tubman?

Before developing a well-rounded research question, there are several steps that must be taken. The first thing to focus on is the general topic of your essay. Since you already know that the topic is "Harriet Tubman," you can move on to breaking the general topic down into its smaller components. This step is important to creating your research question because it helps to narrow down your general topic about Harriet Tubman to something more specific and focused. To complete this step, ask yourself, "What do I want to know about my topic?" Complete a preliminary research of background information to help you develop questions. Maybe you are interested in knowing about what influenced Harriet Tubman's escape or what role she played in the Civil War. Make a list of all the questions you have about your general topic to help you focus in on a specific and arguable thesis.
Now that you've created a list of questions, your next step is to choose one of these questions on which to focus your essay. Your research question should be constructed as an open ended question. Use question starters such as "why" or "how" to create open ended questions. For your research question to be considered strong, it must be clear (understandable to your audience and easy to research), focused (not too narrow/specific and not too broad/vague), and lead to an arguable thesis.
https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/how-to-write-a-research-question

https://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/research/research-paper-steps/developing-questions/

College Algebra, Chapter 4, 4.1, Section 4.1, Problem 66

Suppose a soft drink vendor at a popular beach analyzes his sales records and finds that if he sells $x$ of cans of soda pop in one day, his profit (in dollars) is given by

$P(x) = -0.001x^2 + 3x - 1800$

What is his maximum profit per day, and how many cans must he sell for maximum profit?

The function $P$ is a quadratic function with $a = -0.001$ and $b = 3$. Thus, its maximum value occurs when

$\displaystyle x = - \frac{b}{2a} = - \frac{3}{2(-0.001)} = 1500$ cans

The maximum profit is $P(1,500) = -0.001 (1,500)^2 + 3(1,500) - 1800 = \$ 450$.

So the vendor needs to sell $1500$ pieces of cans of soda pop in order to have a maximum profit of $\$ 450$.

Calculus: Early Transcendentals, Chapter 4, 4.1, Section 4.1, Problem 40

You need to find the critical points of the function, hence, you need to evaluate the solutions to the equation g'(theta) = 0 .
You need to evaluate the first derivative:
g'(theta) = 4 - 1/(cos^2 theta)
You need to solve for theta g'(theta) = 0, such that:
4 - 1/(cos^2 theta) = 0 => 4(cos^2 theta) - 1 = 0 => 4(cos^2 theta) = 1
(cos^2 theta) =1/4 => cos theta = +-1/2
cos theta = 1/2 => theta = +-arccos(1/2) + 2kpi
theta = +-pi/3 + 2kpi
cos theta = -1/2 => theta = pi+-arccos(1/2) + 2kpi
theta = pi + pi/3 + 2kpi => theta = (4pi)/3 + 2kpi
or
theta = pi - pi/3 + 2kpi => theta = (2pi)/3 + 2kpi
Hence, evaluating the critical numbers of the function for g'(theta) = 0, yields theta = +-pi/3 + 2kpi, theta = (4pi)/3 + 2kpi, theta = (2pi)/3 + 2kpi.

How does Sancho Panza show loyalty to his master, Don Quixote, and his friend Alonso Quijana?

Don Quixote and Alonso Quijana are the same person. Don Quixote started life as Alonso Quijana, and Sancho and his wife were Quijana's loyal servants. Quijana is a typical gentleman of his time and place. However, because he gets so involved with reading romance novels, he falls into insanity. He decides, at about age 50, that he too wants to be a noble knight going on adventures. As we know, he lives out his fantasy, renaming himself Don Quixote. Quixote heads off on his quests, taking Sancho Panza with him as his squire. In short, Quixote is the insane version of Alonso Quijana.
Sancho changes from servant to squire, but in both roles, he is pragmatic and loyal to his master. Nevertheless, he is also loyal to himself. He comes with Don Quixote, for example, because he is offered the governorship of an island, which he eventually gets. He is not one to put himself unnecessarily in harm's way for his master, and he is out to make money for himself. All the same, he shows his loyalty by not abandoning Quixote. Sancho says of his master:

He is so simple, that I cannot help loving him with all my heart and soul, and cannot leave him in spite of all his follies.

As the above quote indicates, the insane Don Quixote requires more protection than the sane Alonso Quijana ever did, so Pancho's practical sense becomes more important than it was than when he was the sane man's servant. Sancho cannot stave off most of Quixote's missteps, but he does try. For example, he shows his loyalty when he tries to warn Quixote that what he believes is an attacking army is merely a herd of sheep. When Quixote thinks a basin is King Mambrino's enchanted helmet, Sancho tries to get him to see reality. The squire also is (usually) there to pick up the pieces when Quixote ends up beaten and bruised. He may sometimes jeer at his master, but he sticks with him.
When Quixote is on his deathbed, Sancho, in another show of loyalty, urges him to get well because of the knightly deeds he has yet to accomplish.
Sancho is a complex character who can be both loyal to Quixote and self-interested, as most people are. Nevertheless, he remains the figure of the devoted sidekick, the person with less power but more common sense.

When does Scout find out Boo is good?

Scout first learns of the kindness and good nature of Arthur "Boo" Radley when he starts to leave gifts in the knothole of one of the Radleys' trees. Later, when Boo sews Jem's torn pants and returns them to the fence where Jem can find them, he clearly demonstrates his kindness. Later on, he protects Scout from the winter night.
In chapter 4, Scout discovers something shiny in one of the Radley trees. It is tinfoil around two pieces of chewing gum. Later on, Scout and Jem find other, nicer things in the knothole. But, Scout first begins to learn of the true goodness of Boo when he mends the pants belonging to Jem.
One night the boys want to try to see into the Radley house, so they sneak into their backyard. Jem and Scout boost Dill up so that he can look through a broken shutter. When he cannot see anything, they try the back window where Dill sees only a dim light. Unfortunately, as Jem puts his foot on the bottom step, it squeaks, but he manages to get onto the porch, crawl to a window, and look in. It is then that Scout sees the shadow of Nathan Radley. When it crosses him, Jem puts his arms over his head and freezes. Then, he leaps from the porch and urges the others to hurry. "Fence by the schoolyard!—hurry, Scout!"(Ch.6) They barely manage to escape because Jem gets his pants caught on the wire fence and has to remove them. "He ran to the oak tree in his shorts." In the meantime, Nathan Radley fires his shotgun at the would-be thief as the children flee the Radley property.
Having heard the blast from the shotgun, the neighbors step outside. When Atticus notices that Jem has no pants, Dill lies and tells Atticus that they were playing strip poker and Dill won Jem's pants. Later, as Scout and Jim lie in the beds on the porch, she tells him that Mr. Nathan will find his pants and take them to Atticus. "When he shows 'em to Atticus it'll be pretty bad, that's all there is to it," she adds. (Ch.6) Jem tells his sister that he is going after his pants because he does not want a whipping from Atticus. When he reaches the Radley yard, Jem finds that someone (Boo) has sewn his pants, folded them, and laid them neatly over the fence. Both Jem and Scout are moved by this act of kindness.
Later in the narrative, when Miss Maudie's house catches fire, Atticus tells his children to go and stand in front of the Radley place away from the blaze. After the fire is put out and Jem and Scout return to the house, Atticus asks, " . . . whose blanket is that?" (Ch.8) Scout then realizes that she has a blanket on her back. When Atticus wants Jem to wrap it and return the blanket, Jem pours out all their secrets, even revealing why Nathan Radley cemented the hole in the tree. After hearing this frantic outpour, Atticus tells Jem that they will keep the blanket. "Someday, maybe, Scout can thank him for covering her up," he says. (Ch. 8)

In Harper Lee's classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird, we learn a good deal about Scout's town and neighbors, one of whom is called Boo Radley (his real first name is Arthur). It is said that Boo, who is never seen outside, used a pair of scissors to stab his own father in the leg. Scout, her brother Jem, and their friend Dill are intrigued and scared by Boo.
After a day when the children go into the Radley's yard and are chased away by Nathan Radley, Boo starts leaving small presents for the children in the knothole of a tree, trying to begin a friendly relationship. He also mends the pair of pants that Jem caught on a fence while running away from the Radley house. However, what probably solidifies the fact that Boo is good, at least in Scout's mind, is that when Miss Maudie's house catches fire, Boo sneaks out of the Radley house to wrap a blanket around Scout, helping her stay warm on the winter night.

What is socialization?

Socialization is the process involved in preparing a person to enter into a civilization, group, or social sphere. This involves the newcomer adapting to the way that a group thinks, acts, and feels. A person is only socialized after the group accepts the way he or she acts and thinks.
Socialization is common in several areas of life. One example is found when a new member enters a family by marriage or adoption. The new family member or members must adapt to behaving in ways that are accepted by the family they are entering. 
Socialization also often occurs in the workplace. For example, as an employee is being groomed to become a manager, she must begin the process of socialization to understand how the organization views what is acceptable behavior among its managers. 
Socialization often leads to internalization, which is defined as somebody adopting existing social roles, values, and norms into their own thought processes.
 
 
 
https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/introtosociology/Documents/PersellSocializationReading37.htm

Has liberalism or realism dominated American foreign policy since World War II? What are some examples of each?

There are examples of both in the period after World War II, but I will say that realism has largely dictated American foreign policy after World War II.  The United States invaded Iraq in the Gulf War in 1990 in order to defend Kuwait, an ally, but the United States had significant oil interests in the region and wanted to make sure that Saddam Hussein did not gain too much power.  Thirteen years later, the United States saw an opportunity to change the leadership in Iraq and remove a potential threat in the region.  Claiming world security, the United States invaded once again in order to secure vital economic interests in the region.  Another example of realism is the example of American intervention in the developing world in the Cold War.  Part of the containment strategy was to prevent the spread of communism.  This also allowed the United States to show strength to the Soviet Union in an attempt to intimidate the Soviets.  The United States fought to ensure regimes in Iran, Guatemala, and South Vietnam remained in power because those regimes were favorable to the United States.  The people who lived in those areas hated the brutal and corrupt regimes who ruled these countries and sought to overthrow them.  The United States, seeking to show its ability to back an ally, sent money, supplies, troops, or sometimes all three of these to defend these regimes.  This led to a series of coups in Guatemala that killed thousands, the Vietnam War, and a legacy in Iran that haunts the United States to this day.  Finally, in Afghanistan, the United States helped the mujahideen in their efforts to resist Soviet invasion.  The Afghan fighters received arms and American advice and turned the Soviet-Afghan War into a very costly one for the Soviets.  After the war, the United States left the region, and Afghanistan quickly deteriorated into a state prone to terrorists and disorder.  
There are some examples of liberalism on the part of the United States.  The United States used the Marshall Plan in Europe in order to rebuild the area.  This established vital American trading partners and warded off communism.  The United States also joined NATO and became the most powerful nation in the alliance—even though being part of it was not necessarily in the United States' best interests.  The idea behind the Marshall Plan and NATO was to ensure economic and military cooperation and hopefully limit war through diplomacy.  The United States also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and Mexico in order to achieve greater economic gains for the region.  
While the United States' actions exemplify both realism and liberalism, I find that realism dominates more than liberalism.  The United States claims humanitarian aims in its military interventions, but there is often an underlying economic or geopolitical reason for acting in that particular country.  

Single Variable Calculus, Chapter 8, 8.1, Section 8.1, Problem 42

Evaluate $\displaystyle \int x^2 \sin 2x dx$. Illustrate and check whether your answer is reasonable by gaphing both the function and its antiderivative suppose that $c = 0$.

If we use $2 = 2x$, then $\displaystyle x = \frac{z}{2}$ so $\displaystyle dx = \frac{1}{2} dz$
$\displaystyle \int x^2 \sin 2x dx = \int \left( \frac{z}{2} \right)^2 (\sin z) \left( \frac{dz}{2} \right) = \frac{1}{8} \int z^2 \sin z dz$

By using integration by parts,
If we let $u = z^2$ and $dv = \sin z dz$. Then,
$du = 2z dz$ and $ v = - \cos z$

Thus,


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\frac{1}{8} \int z^2 \sin z dz = uv - \int v du &= - z^2 \cos z - \int (-\cos z) ( 2z dz)\\
\\
&= -z^2 \cos z + 2 \int z \cos z dz
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$

Again by using integration by parts, if we let $u_1 = z$ and $dv_1 = \cos z dz$, then
$du_1 = dz$ and $v_1 = \sin z$


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\text{so, } \int z \cos z dz = u_1 v_1 - \int v_z du_1 &= z \sin z - \int \sin z dz\\
\\
&= z \sin z - (-\cos z)\\
\\
&= z \sin z + \cos z
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


Going back to the first equation,

$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\frac{1}{8} \int z^2 \sin z dz &= \frac{1}{8} \left[ -z^2 \cos z + 2 (z \sin z + \cos z) \right]\\
\\
&= \frac{-z^2 \cos z}{8} + \frac{z \sin z}{4} + \frac{\cos z}{4}+ c
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


but $z = 2x$, therefore,

$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\int x^2 \sin 2x dx &= \frac{-(2x)^2}{8} \cos (2x) + \frac{(2x) \sin (2x)}{4} + \frac{\cos 2x}{4} + c\\
\\
&= \frac{-x^2 \cos (2x)}{2} + \frac{x}{2} \sin(2x) + \frac{\cos 2x}{4} + c
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$




We can see from the graph that our answer is reasonable, because the graph of the anti-derivative $f$ is increasing when $f'$ is positive. On the other hand, the graph of $f$ is decreasing when $f'$ is negative.

How is Dante’s Inferno an allegory?

Dante's Inferno is indeed a religious allegory. Dante is involved in a spiritual journey which will take him down to the fiery depths of hell, through Purgatory, and then finally up into the Empyrean realm of the blessed. During his trip to hell, Dante encounters a number of people who've been consigned to the inferno for the sins they've committed on earth. Some sinners are presented more sympathetically than others. Paolo and Francesca have been sent to hell on account of their adultery, yet there's little doubt that they have true feelings for each other. In the Seventh Circle of hell, where people are sent for the sin of committing acts of violence, notable characters from history such as Alexander the Great are permanently sunk in a river of boiling blood and fire.
But whatever sins have been committed, and whatever punishments are meted out to the sinners, all the shades that Dante encounters in the Inferno share one thing in common: they have turned away from God. Dante the Christian pilgrim wants to warn his readers of the dangers of what will happen if they too choose to follow such a foolish path.

An allegory is meant to be interpreted with a hidden meaning.  The Inferno is meant to give Dante's view of sin by showing the punishments of sins.  Dante points out the corruption of various popes by placing them in Hell.  Dante's take on the punishment for the Seven Deadly Sins is rational, thus implying that God is rational as well.  Dante begins his story in a dark wood--the deeper meaning here is that the author was going through a crisis in life.  Dante's trip through Hell allowed him time to examine life and that all of humanity was guilty of some sort of sin.  To Dante, the greatest sin of all was disloyalty, which explains why he placed Judas Iscariot, Brutus, and Cassius in the middle of Hell.  Dante's native city of Florence was going through religious and civil strife.  Dante's version of Hell serves as a commentary on what he witnessed in Florence.  

Did John Proctor die in the end of the play?

Yes, John Proctor is hanged in the play's final scene. On the day of his scheduled execution, John is urged to confess to save himself from hanging. With two children and a pregnant wife, Proctor has plenty of reasons to continue living. He is in his thirties and would likely have a long life ahead of him.
Proctor briefly considers giving a false confession so that he might live. But he realizes that in doing so he would be setting a negative example for his children, and he would lose the respect of people that matter to him. As a Puritan, he would also be concerned that in telling a lie that amounts to renouncing God, he would be eternally damned.
The authorities want John Proctor to confess because they think it would lend the trials more legitimacy. There is growing public renunciation of the trials because pillars of the community stand accused, like Rebecca Nurse, and the admission of spectral evidence is creating significant doubt. However, John Proctor will not allow himself to be used as a political tool of the theocracy, and so he chooses execution over giving a false confession.

Yes, John Proctor is hanged at the end of the play. In act 3, John Proctor travels to Salem with Mary Warren in an attempt to expose Abigail Williams as a liar and put an end to the unjust, corrupt witch trials. Unfortunately, John Proctor ruins his reputation by admitting that he had an affair with Abigail Williams and is arrested for challenging Salem's court officials. In act 4, John Proctor is in prison and struggles with the decision to offer a false confession, in order to save his life, or accept dying by refusing to admit to witchcraft. After John Proctor initially signs his false confession, he experiences a change of heart and rips up his confession in front of the court officials. John Proctor finds redemption by retaining his integrity and refusing to falsely confess to being involved in witchcraft, in hopes of undermining the court's authority and ending the witch trials. The play ends as John Proctor is led to the gallows, where he dies a martyr.

Calculus: Early Transcendentals, Chapter 7, 7.1, Section 7.1, Problem 27

int_1^3 r^3 ln(r) dr
To evaluate, apply integration by parts int udv = uv - vdu .
So let
u = ln r
and
dv = r^3 dr
Then, differentiate u and integrate dv.
u=1/r dr
and
v= int r^3 dr=r^4/4
Plug-in them to the formula. So the integral becomes:
int r^3 ln(r) dr
= ln (r)* r^4/4 - int r^4/4 * 1/rdr
= (r^4 ln(r))/4 - 1/4 int r^3 dr
= (r^4 ln(r))/4 - 1/4*r^4/4
=(r^4 ln(r))/4 - r^4/16
And, substitute the limits of the integral.
int_1^3 r^3 ln(r) dr
= ((r^4ln(r))/4 - r^4/16) |_1^3
= ( (3^4ln(3))/4 - 3^4/16) - ((1^4ln(1))/4-1^4/16)
= (3^4 ln(3))/4-3^4/16 +1/16
= (81ln(3))/4-81/16+1/16
=(81ln(3))/4-80/16
=(81ln(3))/4-5

Therefore, int_1^3 r^3 ln(r) dr = (81ln(3))/4-5 .

College Algebra, Chapter 4, 4.1, Section 4.1, Problem 52

Determine all local maximum and minimum values of the function whose graph is shown.

"Refer to the graph in the book"

Based from the graph, the local maximum values 2 and 1 occur when $x$ is $-2$ and $2$, respectively. And the local minimum value -1 occurs when $x$ is 0.

In "There Will Come Soft Rains", what can a reader conclude about the author's view of technology?

Thematically, "There Will Come Soft Rains" has a focus on technology and its power.  What I like about this story is how Bradbury presents two sides of a technology debate.  
One side of the discussion is that technology is beneficial.  By its very definition, technology is considered helpful and good.  The dictionary defines it as follows:

the use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent useful things or to solve problems

That side of technology is presented in the story.  The house is a "smart home."  It automatically cooks breakfast and cleans it up.  Vacuum cleaners are little robots that automatically detect a mess, and the house can be voice controlled.  That's not that different than my own home currently.  I have a robot vacuum cleaner called a "Roomba."  The Amazon Echo lets me choose music with voice control and even order stuff from Amazon.  I can even set my thermostat with it.  To a certain extent, I think it is a bit of a gimmick at this point, but I do see my Roomba and Echo pointing toward the home in Bradbury's story.  I think people will really enjoy a house like that because it does useful things.  
On the other hand, Bradbury's story shows readers that despite all of that technology, the fancy tech was incapable of saving the people's lives.  In fact, it was advanced technology in the form of nuclear weaponry that caused the destruction in the first place.  I'd also like to point out that the house in the story is so advanced that it could operate without any kind of human input.  Living humans are simply not needed in order for the advanced technology to continue "living."  That's a scary thought. I believe that Bradbury's view of technology is that technology can be both good and dangerous at the same time. 
 

How should I write a final outline draft?

There are several ideas to consider when writing a final outline draft. Once you decide on the topic for your paper, you should collect information for the outline and for the paper. Be sure to collect information that will relate to your outline and to make sure the sources are credible. You should think of your outline as a map for your paper. Start with your main idea and then provide supporting evidence. Make sure that your outline contains all parts of the paper that you are going to write. You want to be sure that your introduction, thesis, literature review, assessments, methods, analysis, and evaluation are included in the outline.
You also need to be sure that your thesis is legible and that it can be analyzed properly. The outline will also help you with the citations you will have in your final paper. This will also help when you create your bibliography page.
These ideas will help you write a final outline draft.
http://www.subr.edu/page/2441

How can I write a compare and contrast research paper on Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband and Lady Windermere's Fan (10 sources, 10 pages)?

It is not easy to dig into a unified whole and find the parts that comprise it, especially to compare that to another whole and especially when both are created by a master. But this type of analysis will serve you well. First, to ignite your analysis and your brainstorming, your ten sources will inform you--many sources wait for you in your school reference library in the literary criticism section (others in the book stacks)--about different opinions and perspectives, through different eras, on these plays. Your critical assessment of the opinions you read can relate to your own analysis of the plays. Such an analysis requires that you know the plays well, having read them closely. From the research you do of others' opinions, your ten sources will emerge.Second, there are some key points of comparison and contrast that can add to the fire of your brainstorming. You can examine:
theme
the roles of fans
settings
aspects of satire
name symbolism
Wild's biographical elements related to places and names (e.g., Goring-on-Thames appearing as Lord Goring)
actions of character types common to both plays (e.g., a wife leaves in each)
unexpected appearances and mistaken identities
characterization of husbands and wives
To illustrate a couple of these for you, let's consider some points that compare. In each play a wife leaves: Lady Chiltern in An Ideal Husband (IH) and Lady Windermere in Lady Windermere's Fan (LW). In each play there is an advocate for mercy and forgiveness: Lord Goring in IH and Mrs. Erlynne in LW. There are mistaken identities in each: Mrs. Erlynne is really Lady Windermere's mother; the woman at Lord Goring's door is really Mrs. Cheveley, not Lady Chiltern.There are points of contrast as well. The use of fans in each has contrasts in effect and importance. The characterization of the husbands contrast: IH has a financially criminal husband; LW has a philandering husband. Themes have contrast; for example, the theme of modesty in LW contrasts with that of hypocrisy in IH. Settings have different dynamics in each play; for example, the Act I, Scene i setting of a private meeting between Lady Windermere and Lord Goring contrasts with the Act I, Scene i setting of a party gathering in IH. These ideas ought to get your brainstorming fired up, especially when you add fuel from your research reading.

In Ayn Rand's Anthem, why do Equality's teachers disapprove of his quick mind?

Within the first few pages of Ayn Rand's Anthem, Equality speaks about growing up in the society in which he was born. His experiences with teachers during his schoolboy years are significant to the story because this is when he learns that he is different from other boys. For example, he remembers that lessons in school came to him easily. In fact, he is so bright in school that he can predict what teachers say about lessons before they finish explaining certain concepts. Being intelligent and able to learn things easily sets Equality apart from his brothers, which also places a figurative target on his back because it is a crime to be different or better at anything in this society.
Equality isn't just different, though; he is superior to his schoolmates. Superiority is worse than simply being a little bit different. Superiority means that Equality has in him the capacity to become someone great, and this scares his teachers. Again, in this entirely equal society, no one is allowed to be better than anyone else. Equality explains as follows: 

"It is not good to be different from our brothers, but it is evil to be superior to them. The Teachers told us so, and they frowned when they looked upon us" (21).

Equality also receives "lashes" when the teachers feel as though he is exhibiting any superior traits at school. The teachers try to keep Equality's individuality and intelligence under control so he cannot upset their society with his differences. The whole society exists under the following motto:

"We are one in all and all in one.
There are no men but only the great WE,
One, indivisible and forever" (19).

Their government, which favors society's needs over those of individuals, does not like to see anyone thinking or acting differently from the others. Individuality leads to self-promotion, ambition, and inequality; therefore, the teachers, who are an extension of the government, do their best to squash Equality's divergent tendencies in order to keep their society functioning as one equal whole.

College Algebra, Chapter 7, 7.2, Section 7.2, Problem 20

Solve the matrix equation $2A = B - 3X$ for the unknown matrix $X$, where

We solve for $X$


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

2A =& B - 3X
&& \text{Given equation}
\\
\\
3X =& B - 2A
&& \text{Add the matrix $3X - 2A$ to each side}
\\
\\
X =& \frac{1}{3} (B - 2A)
&& \text{Multiply each side by the scalar } \frac{1}{3}

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


So,


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

X =& \frac{1}{3} \left( \left[ \begin{array}{ccc}
3 & \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} & 5 \\
1 & -1 & 3
\end{array} \right] - 2 \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
2 & -5 \\
0 & 7
\end{array} \right] \right)

&& \text{Substitute the matrices $B$ and $A$}


\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


But $B - 2A$ is undefined because we can't add matrices of different dimensions.

Why is General Zaroff's island called "Ship-Trap Island"?

General Zaroff's island has been named "Ship-Trap Island" because a significant number of ships tend to wind up running into the island's rocky shores.  It is as if the island somehow can lure and trap ships and sailors.  
There is a legitimate reason for why so many ships are drawn to the island though.  General Zaroff explains to Rainsford that he intentionally tricks the ships into thinking they have safe passage through a channel.  As General Zaroff is taking Rainsford on a tour of his home, Zaroff turns on some electric lights that are located in the island's waters.  The lights indicate that a channel is present where there is actually no such channel.  The false channel lights indicate safe passage to ships; however, when a ship attempts passage, the ship runs itself into the island's rocky shore.  The ship is torn apart, and the sailors are then captured by Zaroff to participate in his sadistic game. 

"Watch! Out there!" exclaimed the general, pointing into the night. Rainsford's eyes saw only blackness, and then, as the general pressed a button, far out to sea Rainsford saw the flash of lights.
The general chuckled. "They indicate a channel," he said, "where there's none; giant rocks with razor edges crouch like a sea monster with wide-open jaws. They can crush a ship as easily as I crush this nut."

How does the narrator in Boys and Girls change over time?

The unnamed narrator in Boys and Girls would be considered a round character (as opposed to a static character). Round characters tend to be complex, with compelling personalities. They have clear views about life, and the author lets us know that. These characters are not superficial or one-dimensional; in other words, they are not static in nature. Round characters also tend to be dynamic: we see changes in the temperament or behavior of these characters over time. Their worldviews may also change.
In the story, the unnamed narrator is both a round and a dynamic character. She is a round character in the sense that we have access to her thoughts, which, in turn, provide us information about her personality, worldview, perspective, and principles. In contrast, Laird is superficial in nature; we know little about him and are not privy to his personal thoughts.
During the day, the narrator is her father's dutiful helper, but, in the deep recesses of her imagination at night, she is a fearless defender of the helpless and the innocent. The narrator creates stories where she is placed in the center of the action and can demonstrate her "courage, boldness, and self-sacrifice." She tells us that she resents working in the hot kitchen with her mother and that she prefers toiling outside with her father.
Through her thoughts, we also learn that she is a little afraid of her father; he is a mysterious masculine figure to her, one who says little and only rarely demonstrates affection for her. Yet, she is fascinated by him. The narrator tries to avoid her mother whenever she can, however. She admits that she does not trust her mother, although her mother is kinder and more easily fooled than her father. Most interestingly, the narrator does not share her thoughts with either parent; she presents herself as a dutiful daughter at all times.
As the story progresses, however, we see subtle changes in the narrator's behavior and temperament (this is the dynamic part). She begins to rebel a little. When her grandmother lectures her about her unladylike behavior, the narrator refuses to submit to the older woman's authority. Instead, our protagonist continues to slam doors and to sit as she pleases.
Later, she helps Flora (the horse) escape from being killed and butchered for meat. From her thoughts, we learn that she both regrets and exults in her wayward behavior. The narrator understands, with a pang, that her father needs the horse meat for the foxes; her family is dependent on the income it receives from fox rearing. She also knows that her actions will add to her father's workload. However, she revels in the secret knowledge that, for once in her life, she acted independently of her parents and enjoyed a brief, delicious moment of freedom.
Later, however, she cries when Laird tells their father what she did. Surprisingly, her father is sympathetic and merely observes that "she's only a girl." The last line of the story is telling: "I didn't protest that, even in my heart. Maybe it was true." The narrator regrets making life difficult for her father, hence her tears. She is still her father's daughter after all. On the other hand, she also enjoyed the brief moment of personal agency she experienced.
The narrator changes over time in the sense that she begins to question her parents' worldview and to grapple with the discrepancies between her parents' expectations and her own. This is evident in her behavior and attitude. Instead of being dutiful as she has always been, she begins to rebel. She also decides that she will slam doors and sit however she pleases. Later, she lets Flora out for the sheer joy of being able to act independently from her parents. Our narrator is no longer an unquestioning child, but will she learn to make wise decisions? Munro does not tell us; she has only detailed the familiar path many of us take from adolescence to adulthood.

College Algebra, Chapter 1, 1.5, Section 1.5, Problem 84

Suppose that a boardwalk is parallel to and $210 ft$ in land from a straight shoreline where beach lies between the boardwalk and the shoreline. If a man is standing on the boardwalk, exactly $750ft$ across the sand from his beach umbrella, which is right at the shoreline, and he walks $4 ft/s$ on the boardwalk and $2ft$ on the sand. How far should he walk on the boardwalk before veering off onto the sand if he wishes to reach his umbrella in exactly $4 min 45 s$?

If we let $b$ be the distance up to the point directly below the umbrella, then by Pythagorean Theorem,


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

750^2 =& b^2 + 210^2
\\
\\
b^2 =& 750^2 - 210^2
\\
\\
b =& 720 ft

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


If we let $720 - x$ be the distance that the man will take on boardwalk, then by Pythagorean Theorem on the right side,








$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

z^2 =& 210^2 + x^2
\\
\\
z =& \sqrt{x^2 + 210^2} ft

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


Now, the total of travel is the sum of the time it takes a man to travel in boardwalk and the time it takes a man to walk in sand. Thus,


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

t_T =& t_1 + t_2
&& \text{Model, recall that } t = \frac{d}{v}
\\
\\
4 min \left( \frac{60 s}{1 min} \right) + 45 s =& \frac{720 - x}{4} + \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + 210^2}}{2}
&&
\\
\\
285 =& \frac{720 - x}{4} + \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + 210^2}}{2}
&& \text{Multiply both sides by } 4
\\
\\
1140 =& 720 - x + 2 \sqrt{x^2 + 210^2}
&& \text{Add $x$ and subtract $720m$ both sides of the equation}
\\
\\
x - 420 =& 2 \sqrt{x^2 + 210^2}
&& \text{Square both sides}
\\
\\
(x - 420)^2 =& 4(x^2 + 210^2)
&& \text{Expand}
\\
\\
x^2 - 840x + 420^2 =& 4x^2 + 4(210^2)
&& \text{Combine like terms}
\\
\\
3x^2 + 840x =& 0
&& \text{Factor out } 3x
\\
\\
3x(x + 280) =& 0
&& \text{Zero Product Property}
\\
\\
x =& 0 \text{ and } x + 280 = 0
&& \text{Solve for } x
\\
\\
x =& 0 \text{ and } x = -280
&&

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


Thus, if we substitute $x$ with the distance required, then


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

d_1 =& 720 - x = 720 - 0 = 720ft
\\
\\
d_2 =& 720 - (-280) = 1000 ft \text{ (absurd)}

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


It shows that in order for the man to reach his umbrella by $4 min$ and $45 sec$, he must take the boardwalk distance of $720ft$ then take a $210 ft$ length by sand.

Based on what you've read, do you think that boys and girls around the world develop relatively similar gender roles? If so, explain culturally why that might be. If not, explain why that may not be the case.

Gender Roles:
As we are progressing our thoughts are getting wider and our generation is getting more mature, earlier women were confined to the home and duties that included cleaning, taking caring of the children, and cooking. This type of work was considered unimportant, but men's work outside of the home was regarded with greater respect. Men were expected to do the hunting and make the food out of the butchered animals.
But as we progress things started to change and now women are working in offices, performs heavy duty task while men are staying at home doing babysitting, while some becomes chef. No job is fixed for any gender. So boys and girls are performing the same task and equally .

According to the Global Early Adolescent Study, which was conducted by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the World Health Organization, and other organizations, boys and girls in different cultures around the world are slotted into strict gender roles (see the link below). This study looked at children ages 10-14 in 15 different urban areas around the world, including Cape Town, South Africa; Shanghai, China; Cuenca, Ecuador; and Baltimore, United States, among other places.
The researchers found that across the globe, girls and boys in early adolescence are encouraged to follow different roles. Girls are seen as worthy of protection and control, while boys are encouraged to be independent. It's striking that cultures across the world encourage boys and girls to begin to acquire different gender roles in early adolescence. While these cultures are different, they are all intent on shielding girls and on protecting their sexuality, while boys do not have these constraints. Girls are encouraged to stay home, while boys are allowed to go out and investigate the world. These roles set up the idea that girls are weak and need to be cloistered at home, while boys have the strength to be independent. These roles are already assigned to boys and girls by early adolescence and affect their later development in adolescence and adulthood.
https://www.geastudy.org/

What connection did W.E.B. du Bois have with the NAACP?

W.E.B. DuBois was one of the founders of the NAACP, which formed in 1910. DuBois was at the time one of the leading intellectuals in the United States, but his achievements were somewhat of an anomaly, as the vast majority of African-American men saw their talents unfulfilled under the racial system of Jim Crow in the South and structural racism in the North. DuBois was among the leaders of a group of philanthropists, activists, and intellectuals who founded the NAACP, which was formed to attack these injustices. He served as editor of The Crisis, the NAACP newspaper, a position which made him the leading black voice in the United States. DuBois fell out with the NAACP before World War II as his views on black nationalism began to diverge from their "color-blind" vision for social justice. After the war, however, he returned to the fold. He never saw eye-to-eye with the essentially moderate, legalistic approach to integration espoused by the NAACP, but he remained a member of the organization until his death.

How does the author's use of magic and realism affect the reader's interpretation of Irene Westcott's behavior?

Cheever combines realistic and magical elements in his short story "The Enormous Radio." While the radio itself functions in a magical way, Irene Westcott's response to it is entirely realistic. The human interactions the radio broadcasts are also realistic in nature. 
The radio the Westcotts purchase starts to mysteriously broadcast the voices of their neighbors, allowing the Westcotts to overhear the intimate details of their neighbors' lives. While this element of the story is magical, the scenes that Irene Westcott overhears are all too realistic. She and her husband, Jim, hear mundane details of family life, such as a man asking where his garters are and family arguments over overdrafts at the bank. Irene also overhears a quarrel between a husband and wife, as well as the man's beating of his wife. In addition, the argument that Irene and her husband are involved in, in which her faults are exposed, is also realistic. 
This combination of realistic and magical elements helps us understand that Irene's behavior is hypocritical. While she criticizes and reacts with horror to the intimate details of the lives around her that she hears over her magical radio, she also struggles with petty and selfish behavior, such as stealing her mother's jewelry from her sister. She criticizes others for the same faults that she herself possesses.

How do Huck's interactions with the Duke and the King help him grow morally?

Huck grows in lots of different ways from his interactions with the Duke and the King. For one thing, he becomes much less trusting, realizing just how easy it is for someone with a smattering of book learning to con ignorant folk out of their hard-earned cash. But it takes him a while to understand this. Initially, it's kind of fun to hang out with these two notorious charlatans. They're colorful characters with the gift of the gab and break up the monotony of Huck and Jim's long raft journey down the Mississippi.
In some respects, Huck has similarities with the two con men. Like them, he's a social outcast, someone who doesn't really belong in civilized society. The difference, however—and it's a big difference—is that Huck is fundamentally decent and honest, whereas the Duke and the King are just a couple of crooks. Through his interactions with them, Huck comes to realize that, although he can't actually live in the civilized world, it's still very important to have rules and regulations. Leading an easy life with plenty of grub may have its attractions, but it still has to be an honest life. It's one thing to live outside the law, as Huck and Jim do, but it's something else entirely to live by breaking it, as is the case with the Duke and the King. Huck learns this lesson well, as he sees the two old hucksters getting their just deserts, tarred and feathered by a braying, angry mob.

Why was the summer of 1817 special for Helen Keller?

I believe you're referring to the summer of 1887, as this was indeed a very special time for Helen Keller. This was the moment when Annie Sullivan helped her to achieve a breakthrough in communication. Prior to Annie's entering her life, Helen had limited ability to communicate and make sense of the world around her. But Annie gradually introduced Helen to a whole new language, one where simple words could be spelled out on the palms of her hands.
Nevertheless, progress was inevitably slow and Helen's relationship to the outside world remained limited. That all changed one summer's day in 1887. Helen is out walking with Annie and they come to a well-house. Annie places Helen's hand underneath a water spout. As Helen feels the cool, refreshing gush against her hand, Annie takes her other hand and spells out the word "water" on her palm. All of a sudden, what had previously been the mystery of language has now been revealed to her. Helen can now associate that cool, running liquid with the word "water." That simple, unforgettable experience gives Helen enormous hope and energy, establishing a connection between herself and a world previously inaccessible to her. It also kindles a great passion for learning, one that would form the basis of her many educational achievements to come.

How is joy presented in A Christmas Carol?

Joy is presented primarily as sociality in A Christmas Carol. It is a generous outpouring of oneself and one's resources for the benefit of other people. For example, a key scene that illustrates joy is the Fezziwig Christmas dance.
The Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge to see a Christmas party his old employer, Fezziwig, once threw for his employees and friends. Fezziwig has prepared a feast of food and drink for his young employees, followed by dancing and merriment. Fezziwg spends his money freely so that the people around him can enjoy themselves fully. Watching this scene from his youth brings back a flood of memories so joyful, and yet painful in terms of how Scrooge now lives, that he can hardly stand it.
Likewise, at the end of the book, Scrooge expresses his overwhelming joy at still being alive and able to make amends for his faults by reaching out to other people in generous gestures. He has a giant turkey sent to the Cratchits, gives to charity, and gladly attends his nephew's Christmas party. In his joy, he no longer wants to hoard his money but wants to use it for the general good.

Why does resistance increase when resistors are connected in series and decrease when connected in parallel?

Hello!
Let us speak about two resistors of the resistances Q and S. For three or more resistors the cause is the same.
By the definition, resistance of an electrical circuit is the voltage applied divided by the resulting current. It remains the same for different voltages (the current changes accordingly). In other words, the voltage drop on a resistor is IR, where I is the current and R is the resistance.
For two resistors connected in series, the same current I flows through one resistor and then through the second. The drop of voltage occurs twice: IQ and then IS. The resulting resistance is (IQ+IS)/I=Q+S which is greater than both Q and S.
For two resistors connected in parallel, the current divides on two parts, I_1 and I_2 , I_1+I_2=I . The endpoints of the resistors are connected, therefore the voltage drop must be the same, I_1Q=I_2S. It is simple to solve this linear system and obtain I_2S=I S/(1+S/Q), so the total resistance is S/(1+S/Q)=1/(1/S+1/Q) , which is smaller than both S and Q.
Less formally, series connection requires to push current through both barriers. Parallel connection allows current to pass with smaller parts through one resistor each part.
 
 
http://physics.bu.edu/py106/notes/Circuits.html

What is the message in "Of Youth and Age"?

Francis Bacon's essay "Of Youth and Age," like many of his other essays, explores two sides of the same coin, that is, the benefits and detriments of youth as opposed to those of "age," by which he means those who are past the "meridian" of their age. In the sixteenth century in England, the average life expectancy was about 35, with men living longer than women because so many women died in childbirth. So, when Bacon refers to men of "age," he is most likely thinking of men in their 40s and early 50s, and "youth" applies to men under 25.
Bacon argues that men under the "meridian" of their age (perhaps 25-28), especially those who are subject to "violent desires and perturbations," are completely unfit to take significant actions, and he alludes to a comment on the Roman Emperor Septimus Severus to the effect that he spent his youth in folly and madness. Bacon extends his criticism to all young men, however, when he says that they

... embrace more than they can hold; stir more than they can quiet; fly to the end, without consideration of the means and degrees ... care not to innovate, which draws unknown inconveniences; use extreme remedies at first, and, that which doubleth all errors.

In other words, young men move too quickly and without planning to accomplish a goal, creating double the errors they might otherwise make. On the other hand, Bacon points out, young men are "fitter to invent, than to judge, fitter for execution than for counsel," and better suited to take on "new projects than settled business." You would not go to a young man for investment advice, but you would ask him to start a new company for you.
Although Bacon acknowledges that "heat and vivacity" in older men are effective attributes in conducting the business of the world, older men carry as many negative qualities as the young:

Men of age object too much, consult too long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and seldom drive business home to the full period, but commit themselves with a mediocrity of success.

In general, youthful men take too many risks, and older men take too few risks and are satisfied with reasonable, but not stunning, success. Bacon creates a dichotomy that seems unresolvable if there is no achievable reconciliation between the impetuousness of youth and the caution of age.
Bacon, who is well known for his instruction in how to get along in the world, quickly presents a solution:

Certainly it is good to compound employments of both [youth and age], for that will be good for the present because the virtues of either age may correct the defects of both; and good for succession, that young men may be learners while men of age are actors.

If we were to look at other Bacon essays—for example, "Of Studies" or "On Writing"—we would see that uppermost in Bacon's thoughts is how one can successfully live and thrive in sixteenth-century England, and this essay presents a workable solution to the negative consequences of youthful recklessness and the equally poor results of older men's unwillingness to take risk.
At the essay's end, Bacon acknowledges that older men have an advantage in understanding and navigating politics but young men have a stronger claim on morality or ethical behavior. He quotes "a certain Rabbi" who, in turn, is quoting from the New Testament (Acts 2:17)—"Your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams." Bacon sees this as an indication that "young men are admitted nearer to God than old because vision is a clearer revelation than a dream." Older men, because they have more experience in the world, understand the world better, but that experience takes them further from the source of ideal morality, which comes from God to the young through visions.

To my mind, the most prominent message in Bacon's essay, "On Youth and Age," is that the young and the elderly, by virtue of the number of their years, enjoy distinct strengths and weaknesses which, on their own will only ever be half as useful as when combined with those of the other group. The strengths of the young are offset by their weaknesses, but those weaknesses can be remedied, or negated in combination with the strengths of the elderly. In this sense, the young and the elderly are like the yin and the yang in the Chinese philosophical concept of dualism. Two seemingly opposite forces are in fact complementary, and interdependent. As Bacon puts it, "the virtues of either age may correct the defects of both."
For example, the young, Bacon says, "have much heat and great and violent desires and perturbations . . . not ripe for action," whereas the elderly "doth profit rather in the powers of understanding, than in the virtues of the will." In other words, the young have the passion for action but not the "powers of understanding" to fully or properly execute the action. And one can reverse the formula to the same effect. The elderly have the "powers of understanding" but not the "heat" of desire to carry through the act.

This essay argues that the typical traits of youth and age complement each other. He states, for example:

Young men are fitter to invent than to judge; fitter for execution than for counsel; and fitter for new projects than for settled business.

Throughout the essay, Bacon goes back and forth between the attributes and deficits of youth and age. A fault of youth, he says, is that it is too impulsive. Youth rushes into action heedless of consequences and tends to go to extremes. A fault of age, however, is the opposite tendency to be too cautious and hesitant and to therefore to settle for mediocrity rather than greatness.
On the positive side of youth and age, youthful people tend to be popular, while older people tend to have authority. Youth has enthusiasm and a fire for life; old age, on the other hand has experience and better judgment.
Bacon does use stereotypes about youth and age, but, to his credit, is generous to both. He does not say one is altogether superior to the other, but that both have different kinds of value to offer.

Bacon's essay contrasts the imagination, energy, and willingness to take risks of young men with the opposite traits found in the aged: caution, indecision, and understanding.
Bacon recognizes that both age groups have strengths and weaknesses, evident in this quotation:

Certainly it is good to compound employments of both; for that will be good for the present, because the virtues of either age may correct the defects of both.

Bacon observes that the capacity of the young to learn perhaps exceeds that of their elders, and that they also have the passion and fire to support their desires, but notes that postponing action until acquiring the wisdom that comes with age served both "Julius Cæsar and Septimius Severus."
Bacon admits that in some ways this argument is a zero sum game; for example, young men tend to act boldly and heedlessly and earn the errors they make, while old men's actions are marked by hesitations and half measures that also bring unsatisfactory results, but more opposite reasons.